Incidencia de la segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico en el rendimiento académico. Un estudio desde Perú

The objective of this research is to estimate the incidence of socioeconomic school segregation in the academic performance of students. For this purpose, data mining was carried out using the data of the Census Evaluation of Students (ECE) of the Ministry of Education of Peru, through Multilevel Models with three levels of analysis (region, school and student). The Hutchens' Square Root Index was used to estimate the magnitude of segregation in each school. The sample consisted of 502,521 2nd grade secondary students from 12,862 schools in the country. The results show that school segregation has a direct and measurable impact on performance in the three areas analyzed, and even helps to explain more than the average socioeconomic level of the school. Likewise, the concentration of students from families with lower socioeconomic levels in the school makes performance lower in the three areas; while the concentration of students from families with higher socioeconomic levels makes performance better, also in the three areas. This study provides solid evidence of how school socioeconomic segregation affects the efficiency of the educational system, as well as the equality of educational opportunities for all.

Educational Assortative Mating and Health: A Study in Chinese Internal Migrants

Previous studies have shown that marriage is related with people’s health. Based on data from the Volume A of China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS_A) in 2017 (N = 127,829), this study attempted to document the degree of educational assortative mating in Chinese internal migrants, as well as how it evolves over time, and further analyze the relationship between educational assortative mating and people’s self-rated health (SRH). The results indicated that the proportion of educational homogamy kept increasing and gradient marriage kept decreasing over time both in male and female. “Educational homogamy” (58.8%) and “male more educated” (27.2%) were still the main marital education matching patterns in first-married couples of Chinese internal migrants. Educational homogamy was beneficial to promote people’s SRH and educational hypogamy would impair their SRH, and the negative effects of educational hypogamy on SRH was stronger in female than in male. The gender equality of educational opportunities increases the degree of educational assortative mating in Chinese internal migrants. Educational attainment is playing a more and more important role in “love” marriages. “Likes attract likes” is not just about love, but also an important part of health.

STATUS SCHOOLS VERSUS REGULAR SCHOOLS: DIFFERENCES IN TEACHER ACTIVITY

From a sociological point of view, the article examines the problem of differentiation of Russian schools, which came in the post-Soviet era to replace the relative equality of educational opportunities. The differentiation of schools, presumably, did not lead to the differentiation of Russian teachers. In general, there are few studies comparing schools and teachers in different schools by any parameter. The everyday practices of teachers are also poorly studied by both sociology and social psychology and social pedagogy. The current moment of time is unique because the restrictions introduced during the pandemic have created new conditions for the work of educational institutions. In this regard, it was decided to study the differences in the attitude of school teachers that have the status of a gymnasium or lyceum, and schools that do not have such a status, to the conditions and opportunities for the manifestation of activity and initiatives, as well as differences in the practices of professional activity, including during pandemics. The research method is a questionnaire survey. The empirical object was the teachers of the middle and senior level of secondary schools in the city of Novosibirsk. Differences in teachers› perception of conditions and opportunities for the manifestation of activity were revealed, as well as differences in the practices of manifestation of activity, indicating a more favorable situation in gymnasiums and lyceums than in schools. There were no types of teacher activity in which school teachers would be more active than teachers of gymnasiums and lyceums. A common problem for teachers in both types of educational institutions is overload, which is felt more strongly by teachers in gymnasiums and lyceums. The possibilities of attracting outside organizations of specialists to the school are discussed as a solution to the problem of teacher overload and elimination of inequality of opportunities.

Inclusive education in Ukraine: Current status and problems in development

An important issue of modern Ukrainian pedagogical science is the education of children with special educational needs in a comprehensive school. The main slogan of such a school is the accessibility and equality of educational opportunities. The goal is to provide a good education. The insertion of students with special educational needs in the classes and school community requires that the administration and teachers create an appropriate educational environment. They have to create the conditions for the full integration of such students. Referring to the research of Ukrainian scientific literature, the arti- cle reveals the concept of integration and inclusion as modern forms of teaching children with special educational needs. The article raises the following issues: the changes in the school system, the ways inclu- sive education is implemented in Ukraine, and the problems that Ukrainian schools face.

Research on Virtual Education, Inclusion, and Diversity

This article covers a topic related to increases in the existing heterogeneity of the university student population, specifically in virtual learning environments. There is a growing concern for offering training alternatives that include all students. As the first step in a line of research related to quality, equity, and inclusion in e-learning, we aim to identify emerging trends in research on inclusive virtual education (IVE) at the higher education level and how inclusion is conceptualized. Our goal is to provide ideas on future research topics and raise issues for further exploration. This research was conducted through a systematic review of articles published in the last decade in the WOS and Scopus databases. Upon reflection, we suggest the need for inclusive e-learning educational designs with greater emphasis on human diversity in all of its complexity. By doing so, we may be able to contribute to increasing the equality of educational opportunities and overcoming the barriers that restrict the access, continuity, and successful exit of the entire student population, regardless of their individual learning needs.

Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Outcome

The report on the findings of extensive empirical research on equality of educational opportunities carried out in the US on a very large sample of public schools by Coleman and his colleagues has had a major impact on education policy and has given rise to a large amount of research and various interpretations. However, as some interpreters have highlighted,even more important than the findings of the survey themselves has been Coleman’s redefinition of equality of opportunity, abandoning the then prevailing conception of equality of educational opportunities as equality of starting points and replacing it with the concept of equality of educational opportunities as equality of educational outcomes. The question is, therefore, whether equality of outcomes really is one of the two types of equality of opportunity. The purpose of the present article is to show that equality of opportunity and equality of outcomes are two different types of equality. If they are different, the interpretation that Coleman has redefined the concept of “equality of educational opportunity” turns out to be incorrect.

SOBRE A IGUALDADE DE OPORTUNIDADES EDUCACIONAIS: ANÁLISE ADPF 186 / ON EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES: A CRITICAL APPROACH TO THE CASE LAW ADPF 186

Resumo: Trata-se analisar a Ação por Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) n.186. Tal ação, movida pelo partido Democratas em 2009, pedia que o Supremo Tribunal Federal declarasse como inconstitucional a medida tomada pela Universidade de Brasília que estabelecia uma reserva de 20% das vagas com base no critério étnico-racial. O objetivo desta análise é identificar o principal argumento utilizado pela Corte Constitucional para declarar a constitucionalidade do referido critério. Tendo como referência os votos dos Ministros do Supremo Tribunal Federal, conclui-se que o princípio da igualdade material é o fundamento da decisão que declara constitucional a reserva de vagas para negros e pardos no que tange ao acesso ao ensino superior.Palavras-chave: Ações afirmativas; Constitucionalidade; Igualdade Material.