Governance and public policies against rural depopulation through the case of La Rioja (Spain)

Rural depopulation has become one of the central issues on the public agenda in the last decade in Spain. However, despite this visibility and the measures that are being developed, the process is still present. Within the policies against depopulation and rural development, the role of participation and empowerment of the affected populations has become particularly important. The objective is based on the fact that, through a more horizontal governance, they are the protagonists of the actions and measures that affect them, and that this governance becomes a means to avoid the depopulation of rural areas. The European Union's LEADER approach and the Local Action Groups have become the paradigm of this rural governance that favours their development and tackles depopulation. This article analyses the situation of rural governance in the case of a Spanish region such as La Rioja, which is affected by the depopulation of a large part of its rural areas. It starts with a theoretical framework that addresses the concept itself and how it is being articulated with issues such as social capital, territorial capital and participation, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the scenarios that are being generated, based on the differences between territories. Next, the frameworks of depopulation in Spain are presented, which are marking the very public policies on the issue. Finally, the situation in La Rioja is addressed, focusing on the role of the regional government's plans and strategies to tackle depopulation and the role of the Local Action Groups.

Osmotic Activity of Drugs is an Important Factor of Their Local Action at the Injection Site: What We Don't Use to Prevent Post-Injection Abscesses

It is established that very few modern high-quality drugs in the dosage form "Solution for injection" have isoosmotic activity in the range of 280-300 mosmol/l of water. The main part of solutions for injection is hypotonic or hypertonic solutions, which can have osmotic activity in the range of 0 - 4000 mosmol/l of water. The reason for this was that the osmotic activity of drugs is not included in the list of controlled indicators of drugs quality, so it is not subject to control. It is shown that the osmotic activity of drug solutions increases with an increase in the total concentration of all dissolved ingredients present in the solution. It was found that an excessively high concentration of the drug in the solution gives it an excessively large hyperosmotic activity, which can cause a local irritant and cauterizing effect at the injection sites due to dehydration of the cells. Therefore, to exclude post-injection abscesses, it is proposed to dilute the hypertonic drug with water for injection until it is given isotonic activity.

GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE

The impacts of climate action is not bound by gender disparities, but still each one ofus is accountable and responsible for its management. Climate action has to be scientific expression of attributes working in synchronously with multi-stakeholders and a common framework or exchange of dialogues. If equity in action is a perspective per se, then equality in gender towards steering it forward is a gender attribute. Women, men, children and other stakeholders are all impacted, and beyond gender bias one has to work on then targets. Women face inequalities and have not been given the key role in decision making, local and indigenous knowledge repository is used for local action by women and their contribution fixes many local issues.