Coevolution of the olfactory organ and its receptor repertoire in ray-finned fishes

Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) perceive their environment through a range of sensory modalities, including olfaction 1,2. Anatomical diversity of the olfactory organ suggests that olfaction is differentially important among species 1,3,4. To explore this topic, we studied the evolutionary dynamics of the four main gene families (OR, TAAR, ORA/VR1 and OlfC/VR2) 5 coding for olfactory receptors in 185 species of ray-finned fishes. The large variation in the number of functional genes, between 28 in the Ocean Sunfish Mola mola and 1317 in the Reedfish Erpetoichthys calabaricus, is the result of parallel expansions and contractions of the four main gene families. Several ancient and independent simplifications of the olfactory organ are associated with massive gene losses. In contrast, polypteriforms, which have a unique and complex olfactory organ, have almost twice as many olfactory receptor genes as any other ray-finned fish. These observations suggest a functional link between morphology of the olfactory organ and richness of the olfactory receptor repertoire. Further, our results demonstrate that the genomic underpinning of olfaction in ray-finned fishes is heterogeneous and presents a dynamic pattern of evolutionary expansions, simplifications and reacquisitions.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Sexual Disparities between Olfactory and Immune Gene Expression in the Olfactory Epithelium of Megalobrama amblycephala

The olfactory organ is an important chemoreceptor in vertebrates. However, the sexual disparities in gene expression patterns in the olfactory organ in fish remain unstudied. Here, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of the olfactory epithelium (OE) of male and female blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) to identify the differences. The histological analysis showed that there were 22 leaf-like olfactory lamellaes on one side of the OE of the adult blunt snout bream. The sensory area of OE is enriched with ciliated receptor cells and microvilli receptor cells. The transcriptome analysis showed that only 10 out of 336 olfactory receptor genes (224 ORs, 5 V1Rs, 55 V2Rs, and 52 TAARs) exhibited significant expression differences between males and females, and most of the differentially expressed genes were related to the immune system. We also validated these results using qPCR: 10 OR genes and 6 immunity-related genes significantly differed between males and females. The FISH analysis results indicated that the ORs were mainly expressed at the edge of the olfactory lamellae. Collectively, our study reveals that gender is not an important factor influencing the expression of olfactory receptors, but the expression of immune genes varies greatly between the genders in blunt snout bream.

An Update on Smell and Sensuality

When thinking of smell, we usually consider it only as one of the five senses. Compared to the rest of senses, smell has been underestimated. By conducting a research, we will be able to discover how mistaken we are. The human sense of smell is more powerful than it's usually given credit for and plays a major role in human health and behavior than many experts in the field are aware of the sense of smell is present in our daily activities and, depending on the gender, perception may differ, as well as from the anatomical structure of the olfactory organ between genders to the stimulus of the odor. The fragrances determine our everyday food choices, places where we choose to spend with our life partner. Scents can determine our sexual behavior, in building infant-parent connection and create our habits as well. It can also warn us against the selection of food, persons, also death. In this case, the loss of smell can be related with an olfactory organ dysfunction, but as well can have an endocrine, genetic or psychical basis. The olfactory dysfunction can change our habits and basically our whole life. It is irrefutable that while talking about smell which we consider as one of the senses, we can talk about sensuality which broadly covers the relationship between smell and perception of reality. Sensuality in a general sense can be defined as the perception of the surrounding things through the senses, as sensory pleasure, and unlike sexuality, which can be translated as the reception of biological, psychological and physical stimuli. Aim of the study: Currently all of our senses are mostly well known. We are trying to consider the topic from many different sides to make ourselves more and more advanced. We are trying to unite a couple of subjects to prove that we can connect one with another to explore how advanced our organism is. In this research we are trying to look closely at the two different topics and glue them together. Trying to improve and update the connection between the sense of smell and sensuality. This is possible due to the relationship between the smell and the part of our brain responsible for memories and memory, i.e. the limbic system. In this way, we can process the aroma stimulus into memories, we associate smells with specific situations, places, people or things [1]. Therefore, the objectives we have in this study are the following: The nose as an olfactory organ and the anatomical differences as to structure; the olfactory system is strictly connected with the sense of smell; sex, as a gender, something that make us different from each other; physical and psychological disorders and influence of smell. Taking into consideration the amount of work and research on the sense of smell and the still uncertain issues related to it, it is certain how important it is for life and science to fully understand its properties. Over time, with the development of science and technology, there is an increasing wish to learn about such a complicated machine as the human body. Material and methods: In the first part of this research, we will gather all the information that is commonly available so far in the international bibliography, as well as the achievements and utilities obtained to date. Following we will analyse all the new concepts that exist on the topic of sense of smell in connection with sex and sensuality, also how the smell can change due to various disorders and try to summarise it based on the latest research.

Migrating and Nerve Fibers-Associated Eosinophilic Granule Cells in the Olfactory Organ of Catfish (Clarias garpienius): Light and Electron Microscopic Evidence

Piscine mast cells or eosinophilic granule cells (EGCs) of fish are equivalent to the mammalian mast cells. Recently, a better understanding of EGCs functions is allowed because of the growing interest in fish models. Herein, we present a trial to furnish data regarding the distribution of the EGCs in the fish olfactory organ, an issue that has not been reported so far. Regarding their distribution, two kinds of EGCs had been identified. An intra-epithelial one was detected in the olfactory epithelium lining of the olfactory lamellae. The stromal one was identified in the connective tissue core of the olfactory lamellae and in the lamina propria underlying the olfactory epithelium. Some were detected in the capillary lumen. The cytoplasm of the EGCs reacted strongly with the MMP-9 antibody. Stimulating a migration perspective for the olfactory EGCs which was confirmed by their location in the blood capillaries. Several EGCs could be verified in close relation, some underneath the epineurium, with the nerve fiber. Mutually, this verifies the existence of intra-epithelial and stromal migrating EGCs in the catfish olfactory organ and their inclusion in the olfactory immune response. Additionally, this provides evidence for an immune–nervous interaction to influence both the immune reactions and the nervous scheme in catfish.

Penerapan Metode Certainty Factor untuk Mendiagnosa Penyakit THT

Expert system is a system that seeks to adopt human knowledge into computers, so that computers can solve problems like experts do. ENT (ears, nose, and throat) are organs that are closely interconnected. Abnormalities in these organs are diagnosed and treated by a specialist doctor. One of the functions of these organs such as the ear. The ear is an organ for hearing and balance consisting of the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The function of the nose, the nose is the olfactory organ and the main way in and out of air, the nose also provides additional sound resonance and is a place for paranasal sinuses and tear ducts. While the function of the throat is a muscular duct where the food goes to the esophagus and where the air travels to the lungs. In this study, an expert system was built to detect and be equipped with a certainty value of the diagnosis. The certainty value is obtained using the Certainty Factor (CF) method.

Morphology and histology of the olfactory organ of two African lungfishes, Protopterus amphibius and P. dolloi (Lepidosirenidae, Dipnoi)

The olfactory organs of two African lungfishes,Protopterus amphibiusandP. dolloi, were investigated using a stereo microscope and a compound light microscope and were described anatomically, histologically, and histochemically. Like other lungfishes, these species present the following general features: i) elongated olfactory chamber (OC), ii) anterior nostril at the ventral tip of the upper lip, iii) posterior nostril on the palate of the oral cavity, iv) lamellae with multiple cell types such as olfactory receptor neurons, supporting cells, basal cells, lymphatic cells, and mucous cells (MC), and vi) vomero-like epithelial crypt (VEC) made of glandular epithelium (GE) and crypt sensory epithelium. Some of these features exhibit differences between species: MCs are abundant in both the lamellar and inner walls of the OC inP. amphibiusbut occur only in lamellae inP. dolloi. On the other hand, some between feature differences are consistent across species: the GE of bothP. amphibiusandP. dolloiis strongly positive for Alcian blue (pH 2.5)-periodic acid Schiff (deep violet coloration), and positive with hematoxylin and eosin and with Masson’s trichrome (reddish-brown staining), unlike the MCs of the two species which stain dark red with both Alcian blue (pH 2.5)-periodic acid Schiff and Masson’s trichrome but respond faintly to hematoxylin and eosin. The differing abundance of MCs in the two lungfishes might reflect different degrees in aerial exposure of the olfactory organ, while the neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide-containing VEC, as indicated by staining properties of the MCs, is evolutionary evidence thatP. amphibiusandP. dolloiare the closest living relatives to tetrapods, at least in the order Dipnoi.