Anti-Drug Education in the Curriculum

Narcotics have been one of the biggest problems in the world of education. In the last 10 years the numbers of narcotics users amongst student have risen significantly. Data from the National Narcotic Agency shows that at least 20 percent of young adult in Indonesia have consumed narcotic. A variety of solution is made to counter this number; one of them is through the learning process at school. A form of drug education is taught at physical education lesson but only as a minor subject. With the rising number of drug abuser among student, a more intensive solution has to be made. The integration of anti-narcotics education in school curriculum is one way to tackle this problem. School curriculum can make sure that all students received education on narcotic and allows for a more intense learning so that student can better understand the danger of narcotics.

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a multi- drug abuser and chronic dialysis patient

Background: Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) considers two possible mechanisms, the interruption of cerebral self-regulation due to high blood pressure levels and vasospasm triggered by high pressure. The etiologies includes pre-eclampsia, immunosuppressants1 , illicit drugs and kidney diseases2 . The clinic ranges from headache to coma3,4. Objective: Expose the relevance of PRES as a differential diagnosis among neurovascular pathologies. Setting: Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital, Campo Grande- MS. Methods: Clinical follow-up of the patient during the hospitalization period. Case report: Male, 25 years, chronic dialysis kidney disease, uncontrolled hypertension, epileptic and multiple drug abuser. Admitted to emergency department with peak pressure, mental confusion, disorientation in addition to motor deficit, after epileptic crisis and abuse of drugs. First evaluation, pacient showed incomplete hemiparesis and hypoaesthesia on the left, predominantly brachio-facial (strength grade 3) and visual turbidity. Initial approach with antiepileptic and antihypertensive medication, associated with intermittent hemodialysis. In the evolution, he presented decreased strength. The magnetic resonance of the skull showed hypersignal in T2 and FLAIR of subcortical frontal-parietal and bilateral occiptal predominance1 . The arteriography of 4 vessels had presence of diffuse moderate vasospasm in the left, right carotid brain system and basilar vertebral system, compatible with the hypothesis. He underwent a new arteriography after treatment without vasospasm. Discharged from the hospital with preserved bilateral sensitivity and strength. Conclusion: Early identification of PRES allows resolute treatment once it has a favorable and benign clinical outcome2.

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Role in Drug Abuser: A Review Study

Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous chemicals that influence many aspects of natural hormone actions. Bisphenol is used in the industry, for increasing the thickness and durability of materials in certain plastics and resins. Paraben is used as preservatives in many pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and some food products. EDCs can increase estrogen levels inside the body, and estrogen itself can increase the monoamine effect (dopamine, serotonin), neuronal excitability, neuropeptide transmitter mechanism, and drug metabolism. In drug abusers, this effect can develop greater craving behavior, addiction, and relapse.

Descriptive cohort study of Ligation of femoral artery in infected femoral pseudoanurysm in injectable drug abuser

Background: Infected femoral pseudoanurysm with impending rupture presents most of the time in the late stage in drug abuser with features of sepsis. These cases are managed immediately by exploration with ligation of femoral artery when bypass is not feasible in emergency. Methods: This is the retrospective descriptive study of 11 years of bir hospital. Datas were collected from the record and subsequent out patient department visits of the cases having femoral infected pseudoanurysm with impending rupture with sepsis of injectable drug abuser. The data collected were patients profile, type of procedure like ligation of femoral artery, bypass like reverse long saphenous graft and synthetic dacron or ptfe graft and complications were also recorded with subsequent. The type of procedure were compared with amputation as final end point. Datas were analysed by SPSS softwear. Results: We recorded the datas of 45 patients with almost all were male with very few female having mean age of 27.91 years. Twenty two patients had seropositive status and 13 patients had negative. Thirty five patients had ligation of femoral artery,7 patients had interposition synthetic bypass graft and 3 patients had reversed long saphenous vein graft. Nine patients had undergone revision after graft failure as ligation. No complication in 20 cases .Nine cases had rethrombosis with infection, 7 had minor complication and 1 had severe claudication. Conclusions: In emergency setting, simple ligation of the femoral artery can be both life and limb saving procedure in difficult situation like infection and sepsis.

The Allele Frequency Variation of Autosomal 19 Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Loci in Drug Abuser: A Pilot Study

Backgrounds: Substance use disorders (SUDs) refers to drug abuse of 10 separate classes impacting seriously mental health.Objective: This study aims to explore the genetic polymorphism of the 19 short tandem repeat (STR) loci (D19S433, D5S818, D21S11, D18S51, D6S1043, D3S1358, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, Penta D, VWA, D8S1179, TPOX, Penta E, TH01, D12S391, D2S1338, and FGA) and the risk genetic factors of substance use disorders(SUDs).Methods: The capillary electrophoresis was applied to analyze 19 STR loci in 156 drug abusers. The data of 6,134 healthy people in a previous study were applied to contrast as the control group. The differences in the frequency of the gene were analyzed by Chi-square test. Results: The gene distributions of 19 STR in drug addicts were consistent with hereditary rules. The frequency of vWA, FGA, Penta E was significantly different between the drug abuser and the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion: The 19 STR loci might provide highly informative polymorphic data for addicted genetic studies. Furthermore, there might be a predisposing gene for the drug abuser.