Green sustainable supply chain under cap and trade regulation involving Government introspection

This paper investigates Government intervention in a three-echelon supply chain comprising one manufacturer and one retailer. Government is the top level member trying to reduce environmental impacts based on the amount of carbon emission during the production process. Government controls the chain by collecting tax from the retailer which is indirectly paid by the customer and paying subsidy/imposing ne on the manufacturer. Government encourages manufacturer to reduce carbon emission by contributing some subsidy and also makes an e ort to generate Government net revenue (GNR) by imposing tax. The GNR is generated by collecting tax from the retailer on the sold product and penalty from the manufacturer at the trading price for the extra amount of emissions. The retail price is decided based on the selling price, tax and greening level. We aim to determine optimal levels of pricing, greening and amount of tax to be levied. The models for both linear and iso-elastic demand patterns are developed. The aim of this piece research is two-fold: (i) review the existent literature on the relationship between environ- mental collaboration and sustainability performance and (ii) render a tenable prototype of supply chain to illuminate the relationship between sustainability and profitability. According to the aforesaid goals this paper has carried out a detailed empirical research by using advanced structural equation modelling approaches. The research findings will be particularly important for manufacturing companies struggling to find techniques to achieve sustainability performance. Also it will aid the supply chains in developing environmental collaboration with the Govt. in order to attain the targets of GSCM.

ACQUIRING ELEMENTS OF SOLAR FARM DEVELOPMENT’S APPROVAL CONSIDERATION IN JOHOR

In order to fulfil the increasing energy demand, Malaysia aims to reduce carbon emission by 45 percent by 2030, and becomes fully carbon neutral by 2050. However, promoting this energy has inevitably forced this new industry to face some drawbacks particularly related to land matters, especially solar farm development, which is still new in the country and does not have any proper guidance. As the control of land planning and development is under the responsibility of the State Authority as enshrined in Article 74 of the Federal Constitution, the implementation is different in each state due to different land policy known as the State Land Rules. Thus, selected respondents have been interviewed, and the findings have been acquired regarding the elements of solar farm development’s approval consideration from the perspectives of land administrator, planner, and developer. This leads to a direction to standardize a legal framework of the land approval consideration for solar farm development especially in Johor.

Decentralized solar photovoltaic battery based mini-grid for rural electrification in Tanzania: (Is Sharing Caring?)

<p><b>Access to energy enables social and economic development in rural areas. Renewable energy resource technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) have been integrated with mini-grids to electrify a number of remote/rural areas and reduce carbon emission. Solar photovoltaic energy has become a popular source of electricity over the decades. However, its efficiency is limited due to its intermittency characteristic caused by weather changes. Many technologies have been developed to tackle this challenge, for example, storage and hybrid systems. This thesis investigates whether decentralizing PV systems in mini-grids could reduce the inefficiencies caused by weather changes. This includes studying power interaction between decentralized locations and exploring different topology scenarios. This was achieved designing and modelling a decentralized PV battery based mini-grid in Tanzania’s rural areas where the main grid is limited.</b></p> <p>The mini-grid was modelled using MATLAB/Simulink and OpenDSS Software. This research designed a mini-grid model connecting five different located villages with SPV arrays and battery storage. SOLCAST database was used to obtain solar irradiation. A questionnaire was used get each village’s energy requirements.</p> <p>Results suggest that decentralized PV systems could reduce the effect of intermittency slightly, depending on the nature of the weather conditions of the locations. Also, this thesis has shown that grid connected mini-grids without storage could have both optimal technical and economic benefits compared to those with storage. This can be achieved when the price of grid energy is comparable or less than to PV energy. However, standalone mini-grids could be more attractive to rural areas, where the main grid is not in place, if it is sufficiently designed according to the location’s requirements.</p>

Decentralized solar photovoltaic battery based mini-grid for rural electrification in Tanzania: (Is Sharing Caring?)

<p><b>Access to energy enables social and economic development in rural areas. Renewable energy resource technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) have been integrated with mini-grids to electrify a number of remote/rural areas and reduce carbon emission. Solar photovoltaic energy has become a popular source of electricity over the decades. However, its efficiency is limited due to its intermittency characteristic caused by weather changes. Many technologies have been developed to tackle this challenge, for example, storage and hybrid systems. This thesis investigates whether decentralizing PV systems in mini-grids could reduce the inefficiencies caused by weather changes. This includes studying power interaction between decentralized locations and exploring different topology scenarios. This was achieved designing and modelling a decentralized PV battery based mini-grid in Tanzania’s rural areas where the main grid is limited.</b></p> <p>The mini-grid was modelled using MATLAB/Simulink and OpenDSS Software. This research designed a mini-grid model connecting five different located villages with SPV arrays and battery storage. SOLCAST database was used to obtain solar irradiation. A questionnaire was used get each village’s energy requirements.</p> <p>Results suggest that decentralized PV systems could reduce the effect of intermittency slightly, depending on the nature of the weather conditions of the locations. Also, this thesis has shown that grid connected mini-grids without storage could have both optimal technical and economic benefits compared to those with storage. This can be achieved when the price of grid energy is comparable or less than to PV energy. However, standalone mini-grids could be more attractive to rural areas, where the main grid is not in place, if it is sufficiently designed according to the location’s requirements.</p>

Numerical Simulation of Combustion of Natural Gas Mixed with Hydrogen in Gas Boilers

Hydrogen mixed natural gas for combustion can improve combustion characteristics and reduce carbon emission, which has important engineering application value. A casing swirl burner model is adopted to numerically simulate and research the natural gas hydrogen mixing technology for combustion in gas boilers in this paper. Under the condition of conventional air atmosphere and constant air excess coefficient, the six working conditions for hydrogen mixing proportion into natural gas are designed to explore the combustion characteristics and the laws of pollution emissions. The temperature distributions, composition, and emission of combustion flue gas under various working conditions are analyzed and compared. Further investigation is also conducted for the variation laws of NOx and soot generation. The results show that when the boiler heating power is constant, hydrogen mixing will increase the combustion temperature, accelerate the combustion rate, reduce flue gas and CO2 emission, increase the generation of water vapor, and inhibit the generation of NOx and soot. Under the premise of meeting the fuel interchangeability, it is concluded that the optimal hydrogen mixing volume fraction of gas boilers is 24.7%.

Green finance incentives: An empirical study of the Pakistan banking sector

In 21 century the climate change has become an important issues for businesses as well as stockholders. Consequently, to reduce carbon emission financial institutions offer green financing to businesses to mitigate this issue. However, the availability of green loan remains the important case. Therefore this research aims to know how this financing gap can be minimized. A panel design dataset was collected which consists of green financing data for the period 2009 to 2015 from 24 banks operating in Pakistan. We applied Two-stage Least Square Regression Analysis for data analysis. The results revealed that green loans are a less risky investments. Further, the findings also provides useful information to managers who look for grow their business loan and minimize default risk. This study contributes to the existing literature in green financing by filling the gap, particularly for developing countries through empirical evidence. The finding suggests that banks must invest more in green projects.

Versatile Applications of Solar Cells

Solar cells have changed the way electricity is generated; it helps the world to reduce carbon emission, and consequently makes our electric grid system more resilient and reliable. Hence, this chapter presents the concept of solar cells and the basic principle of operation. The chapter also discusses materials in construction of solar cells including conventional semiconductors such as silicon and emerging/organic materials such as perovskite and quantum dots. Various applications of solar cells which include space research, telecommunications, grid connections, stand-alone connections and off-grid applications are also highlighted. Given the versatile application of solar cells, it is the future of electricity generation.