EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESISTANCE PARAMETERS TO CHLORIDE SALINATION IN DIFFERENT WHEAT GENOTYPES

Determining salt tolerance potential in wheat is one of the most important problems in breeding practice for areas with primary and secondary salinity. Presence of large areas of saline soils results in inhibition of growth, development and stability in obtaining high yields of agricultural plants. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive studying and improving of diagnostic methods during early growth stages. Different genotypes of wheat Triticum aestivum Host. and Triticum durum Desf. were used to identify salt tolerance markers. Both morphometric and some biochemical indicators of wheat varieties were used as salt tolerance markers. At this stage, it was shown that a comprehensive description of wheat varieties is needed to assess resistance of wheat varieties to chloride salinity.

Resistance mechanisms of white jabon seedlings (Anthocephalus cadamba) against Botryodiplodia theobromae causing dieback disease

Yanti LA, Achmad, Khumaida N. 2018. Resistance mechanisms of white jabon seedlings (Anthocephalus cadamba) againstBotryodiplodia theobromae causing dieback disease. Biodiversitas 19: 1441-1450. Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. seedlings arethe most preferred plant for the nursery as they serve a lot of benefits and can be used as shading trees, reforestation, plywood, pulp,paper, and traditional medicines. Further, those benefits can increase the economic value of this plant. The main problem in the nurseryof forestry plants is pest and disease attacks, one of which is dieback disease. The dieback disease is caused by Botryodiplodiatheobromae Pat. that may lead death of the host plant. Every plant has its resistance mechanism toward pathogen attacks. This researchaimed: (1) to study B. theobromae attack through wounded and non-wounded stem infection methods on white jabon seedlings; (2) tostudy the resistance mechanisms of white jabon seedlings both structural and biochemical resistance against B. theobromae. This studyemployed a factorial treatment design laid out in a completely randomized design. The structural resistance was determined by studyingthe microscopic appearance of the white jabon seedlings’ stem by using a scanning electron microscope. Meanwhile, the biochemicalresistance was determined by characterizing the chemical compounds of white jabon seedlings' stem using phytochemistry analysis. Theresult showed that the disease incidence of the control (inoculated without pathogen isolate) and the inoculated (inoculated withpathogen isolate) seedlings were, respectively, 0% and 100% (with wounded stem) and 0% and 30% (non-wounded). The diseaseseverity of control and inoculated seedlings were 0% and 62% (with wounded stem) and 0% and 12% (non-wounded stem),respectively. The incubation period of wounded and non-wounded stems on inoculated seedlings (inoculated with pathogen isolate) wasone day after inoculation with the numeric values (disease scores) of 4 and 2, respectively. White jabon seedlings had necrotic resistanceas structural resistance mechanism against the pathogen attack. White jabon seedlings also contained secondary metabolites such asalkaloids, flavonoid, phenyl hydroquinone, tannin, saponin, and steroids. The biochemical resistance of white jabon seedling afterpathogen attacks was shown by the increase of accumulated phenolic compounds such as flavonoid and tannin.