Post-translational regulation of ubiquitin signaling

Ubiquitination regulates many essential cellular processes in eukaryotes. This post-translational modification (PTM) is typically achieved by E1, E2, and E3 enzymes that sequentially catalyze activation, conjugation, and ligation reactions, respectively, leading to covalent attachment of ubiquitin, usually to lysine residues of substrate proteins. Ubiquitin can also be successively linked to one of the seven lysine residues on ubiquitin to form distinctive forms of polyubiquitin chains, which, depending upon the lysine used and the length of the chains, dictate the fate of substrate proteins. Recent discoveries revealed that this ubiquitin code is further expanded by PTMs such as phosphorylation, acetylation, deamidation, and ADP-ribosylation, on ubiquitin, components of the ubiquitination machinery, or both. These PTMs provide additional regulatory nodes to integrate development or insulting signals with cellular homeostasis. Understanding the precise roles of these PTMs in the regulation of ubiquitin signaling will provide new insights into the mechanisms and treatment of various human diseases linked to ubiquitination, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, infection, and immune disorders.

Modernization without Westernization

This chapter examines various radical and incremental changes and innovations (physical, economic, educational, societal, and cultural) introduced by the government of Saudi Arabia in view of the slogan “modernization without westernization.” The slogan highlights the government efforts to encourage incremental change to integrate development or modernization with the traditional values. However, the authors aim to confirm whether this is an incremental change accepted by the public or a radical change where the tradition is being replaced by westernization, that is, whether it is modernization with or without westernization. The approach taken in this study is to examine the literature in order to find some evidence that supports or refutes the slogan. The authors also conducted a questionnaire survey involving 237 respondents in order to determine their perceptions toward this slogan. The results provide strong support for both modernization and westernization since these two practices have brought about many positive changes to Saudi Arabia. Thus, if one were to include certain Saudi values into the concept of modernization, particularly those related to culture and religion, one could safely say that the slogan or motto, “modernization without westernization,” is true or acceptable only up to a certain extent. In other words, the findings suggest Saudi society is more accepting of both “modernization” and “westernization” as long as they do not go against the basic tenets of Islam.

Dynamic Integrated Protection and Development of Historic Area: A Case Study of Jinggang Mountain Conservation Planning

This paper discusses on the extension of integrated protection, and aim at the contradiction of protection and development of the history protection area. Put forward the dynamic development protection concept as a solution. Take the conservation planning practice of Jinggang Mountain revolutionary site area as an example, analyze the dialectical relationship between protection and development, discusses the possible of dynamic integrate development view in the protection planning.

Efektivitas Iklan Politik Humas Departemen Pertanian: Politik Pencitraan atau Pembentukan Ruang Publik ?

The objective of this article is to show how political advertisement as published by public relation activities has a deep effect on the change of farmers’ welfare image. The study was carried out to see how far the message contained in political advertisement been in contradictive with farmers’ public opinion. The contradiction normally appeared due to the ways the message was packaged. Normally the message was felt to be very plain as they were built by government and political interest, and bureaucratic flavors. Meanwhile public opinion was normally built in the fortitude of criticizing the government. Public opinion was also influenced by social status, gender, as well as social and political economic context as normally faced by their day to day life. Theoretical implication of this study is, that political advertisement concept needs to integrate participatory development communication. Some practical implication of the study showed that public relation activity needs to integrate development communication concept as well as good governance principles as they became most important Indonesian Government political jargons. Methodologically, this research has an important implication on how to measure government pubic relation effectiveness under good governance framework.

Construction of the new instrument for assessment of adult and adolescence attachment

This paper describes the development of new instrument for assessment of adult and adolescent attachment. An attempt has been made to integrate development-clinical and social personality models in attachment research, and to construct Questionnaire for Assessment of Adult and Adolescent Attachment (in original - UPIPAV). UPIPAV scales were developed on the basis of a) analysis of the critiques and deficiencies of available self-report instruments; b) characteristics of coding scales for AAI (Adult Attachment Interview); and c) theoretical analysis of relevant attachment phenomena. We present results of the research that brought us to the final form of the Questionnaire. The final form consists of six scales: fear of loss of external secure base, parent idealization, unresolved family traumatization, negative self concept, negative other concept and use of external secure base. The critical assessment of the Questionnaire and recommendations for further improvement are given at the end of the paper. The enhanced version of UPIPAV might have only four scales: self model, other model, use of the external secure base and the existence of the internal secure base.

The New Zealand law and conservation

New Zealand, like many countries concerned with conservation issues, is reforming its legislation to provide more comprehensive protection of biological diversity and individual species. The basic aim is simple: if you want to protect animals and plants you have to protect their habitat. The problem is, of course, that humans share the very same habitat. How then can the right balance between use and protection be found? Of the principal Acts guiding the protection and preservation of land, animals and plants (such as the 1953 Wildlife Act or the 1987 Conservation Act) the 1991 Resource Management Act (RMA) marks an important turning-point. It aims to integrate development and conservation. The RMA promotes sustainable management of natural and physical resources. Any destruction of, damage to, or disturbance of, the habitats of plants and animals on land, in coastal marine areas and in lakes and rivers is seen as unsustainable, thus to be avoided.The use of the concept of sustainability is a first in national legislation and makes the RMA a leader around the world. However, its successful enforcement is ultimately a matter of changed attitudes. Here the law can only give some guidance.