Insights into Translation of Russian Realia

This essay aims to give a brief overview of the findings of my research on translation strategies, especially when it is necessary to transfer meanings and uses of the so-called realia from a source language to a target one, which, for the sake of brevity, we will respectively call SL (Russian) and TL (Italian). After an introduction on the concept of realia and possible strategies to convey their meaning, it will be pointed out, through the analysis of some proto-typical examples, how (i) there exist many solutions the translator-lexicographer should take into account each time, according to a series of different parameters, (ii) to what extent these choices can vary with respect to narrative texts or lexicography and (iii) the absence of homogeneity in translation strategies, not only when comparing different monolingual or bilingual dictionaries, but also within the same dictionary. Although the theory of translation of realia has been a matter of interest and study in narrative, as well as in monolingual lexicography, it still seems little research has been conducted to test or compare approaches in bilingual lexicography.

Structural and functional types of lexical units, their expressiveness

At the present stage of development of linguistic science and in context of global trends towards constant cooperation in various fields and spheres of activity, there is a need for comparative typological studies aimed at a comprehensive and large-scale study of various linguistic categories. First of all, this is explained by the fact that it is in these categories, as in a mirror, that the peculiarities of the mentality, history and secular culture of the speakers of a particular language are reflected. The object of language sciences consists of two series of phenomena: on the one hand, it is made up of everything that is inherent in human language, that is to say language as such in its relation to thought and to reality; on the other hand, we are talking about the specifics and the variety of properties and categories of each language compared to another. Researchers' attention has largely shifted from the question of how the language of speakers of a particular language works. Research plays an important role in the study of the specificities of the nominative means of the language. Contrastive linguistics has the great advantage that the practical areas of its application are clearly visible. These are mainly the methodology and methodology of foreign language teaching, bilingual lexicography, theory and practice of translation.

MODERN STRATIFICATION OF THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM: SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT

This article examines issues related to the functioning of non-standard vocabulary in the language system. One of the tasks of sociolinguistics is the study of the social stratification of language and its variability on the basis of languages of different structures. The article is devoted to the analysis of the most productive and effective ways of forming non-standard vocabulary in Russian and English, such as: formal modifications, abbreviations, borrowings, education without external modification, reverse and middle slang, reduplication. In the research of modern languages, scientists pay special attention to the classification of substandard vocabulary based on motivation/non-motivation. The relevance of the study of these phenomena is caused by the growing interest in the study of a new direction – sociolectology in modern linguistics, to the issues of non-standard vocabulary, the language situation. Many of the most important theoretical issues of Russian-foreign substandard lexicography, the lexicographicization of sociolects in bilingual dictionaries, their contrastive research, the development of which is an urgent need, still remain unexplored. The change in theoretical and methodological guidelines was reflected in the development of the theory and practice of bilingual lexicography.

WEDDING ASSOCIATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE

The main goal of the research is to analyze the concept spheres of wedding presented in the Russian language. The theoretical significance of the study is in working out the theoretical basis of the specific language units study and the models for analytical work, in the description and generalization of the results of the analysis and the conclusions made. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its materials and results can be used in further studies of semantic systems of languages, in works on cognitive linguistics, in bilingual lexicography and phraseography, as well as in the preparation of general and special courses in lexicology, phraseology, paremiology, cognitive linguistics, lexicography, linguodidactics, read in universities of the Republic in undergraduate and graduate courses. The novelty of the research consists in determining the corpus of lexico-semantic, phraseological and paremiological units of the Russian language, verbalizing the “wedding” concept, as well as in revealing its cognitive characteristics. The methods applied are comparative, seme and cognitive ones.

I toponimi nei dizionari bilingui italiano-polacco, polacco-italiano in un contesto diacronico di apprendimento

The purpose of this is to analyze the toponyms present in some Italian-Polish and Polish-Italian bilingual dictionaries. After selecting a “skeleton” of the dictionaries that trace part of the history of the bilingual lexicography in question, we move on to the analysis of the toponyms used in the dictionaries. In a lexicultural context, understood as the transfer of the cultural elements of a given language, we observe the choices made by lexicographers of the different eras and try to understand the reasons, sometimes of a personal nature or dictated by the historical context, or sometimes influenced by the political system in a given country. At the same time, we want to highlight the evolution in the diachronic field that toponyms and their equivalents have had in the dictionaries in question, as well as their value in teaching a particular foreign language.

RESULTS OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF RUSSIAN AND KYRGYZ PARTICLES

Russian particles due to their differential grammatical, structural and semantic features, with diversity of communicative and pragmatic settings, which they fulfil in the processof a communicative act and producing an utterance, require a comparative analysis with corresponding particles of the Kyrgyz language. The aim of this article is to conduct a contrastive analysis of Russian and Kyrgyz particles in order to establish distinctive features between them. The results of the research will be applied at further development of theoretical problems of bilingual lexicography.

So-called dictionary equivalents confronted with parallel corpora (and the consequences for bilingual lexicography)

The study considers the question of whether (and how) bilingual dictionaries may be improved. The information presented in dictionaries has been confronted with textual reality (i.e., with examples of actual translations), based on the German expression fassungslos and its Polish equivalents in parallel texts. The author assumes that bilingual dictionaries are mainly used by language learners, while professional translators may consider them as one of many possible sources. In teaching, multiplying the possible equivalents or suggesting ad hoc solutions is generally not recommended. Despite the attempts at objectivizing lexicographic descriptions, which are made possible by using language corpora, it often turns out that the decisions made by dictionary authors are (and need to be) arbitrary