Vepsian Literature as an Aspiration to the Revival of the People (“Up the Stairs Leading Down”?)

The article is devoted to the development of the literature of the Vepsians of the early written people of Russia, whose language is included in the Red Book of the Languages of the Peoples of Russia (the number of people in 2010 was 5936 people). Despite the negative forecasts, the Vepsianlanguage literature is currently successfully developing. The most popular is poetry, represented by the poems of the national writer of Karelia Nikolai Abramov, known in the Finno-Ugric world and beyond. The first generation of authors developed the forms of Vepsian poetry, its rhyme and style, and young authors, first of all Olga Zhukova, Galina Baburova, proved that in urban conditions it is possible to find opportunities for poetry in their native language. The article shows the connection with oral folk art, mythology, philosophy of Vepsian life, which manifested itself in the Vepsian epic Virantanaz by Nina Zaitseva, in the verses of Alevtina Andreeva, reminiscent of a kind of conspiracies or prayers, and in the prose of Valentina Lebedeva. Creating in close collaboration with scientists who claim that the Vepsian language has perfectly preserved both its grammar and vocabulary, which is easily replenished thanks to the rich word-formation system of the Vepsian language, they strive, without discouragement, to go up the stairs leading down.

Braun-Blanquet meets EcoVeg: a formation and division level classification of European phytosociological units

Aims: To link the Braun-Blanquet units of the EuroVegChecklist (EVC) with the upper levels of the International Vegetation Classification (IVC), and to propose a division level classification for Europe. Study area: Europe. Methods: We established a tabular linkage between EVC classes and IVC formations and identified mismatches between these two levels. We then proposed IVC division level units to organize EVC classes. Results: We organized the EVC classes into 21 formations and 30 divisions. We flagged classes that did not fit comfortably within an existing formation, either because its content corresponded to more than one formation or because it did not fit any formation description. In a few cases, we split EVC classes because they seemed too heterogenous to be assigned to a single formation. Conclusions: The IVC approach adds a set of physiognomic and ecological criteria that effectively organizes the EVC classes, which are already being increasingly informed by physiognomy. Therefore, the formation concepts are relatively natural extensions of concepts already embedded in the classes. However, physiognomic placement of Braun-Blanquet classes can be difficult when the sampling of the vegetation is at finer grain than usual in the respective formation (tall-scrub, annual pioneer communities). Some EVC classes seem too heterogenous to fit into the IVC formation system. Delimitation of these classes has often been a matter of debate for many decades, and the IVC perspective might help to solve these intricate issues. In other cases, mismatches between phytosociological classes and IVC formations might better be solved by emending the current formation concepts. Abbreviations: BB = Braun-Blanquet; EVC = EuroVegChecklist; IVC = International Vegetation Classification.

EVOLUTION OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC THEORIES IN WORD-MAKING PROCESSES

This article analyzes the evolution of linguists' views on the psycholinguistic nature of the grammatical structure of language, in particular the word-formation system, from single observations and individual thoughts of scientists to specialized studies of monograph and dissertation level. The question of singling out grammar, including word-formation, as a self-sufficient object of research in the context of the formation of psycholinguistics as an autonomous scientific branch is considered. Attention is drawn to the fact that Ukrainian academic community is less interested in psycholinguistic aspects of word-creation of an individual than their foreign colleagues. The problem of analysis of word-formation innovations from the point of view of modern psycholinguistic concepts is touched upon. A special interest of psycholinguists to consider children's speech word-creation, as well as derivational features of an individual's speech during ontogenesis is highlighted. Mention is made of the empirical side of considering word-formation as a complex psycholinguistic process of verbal unit generation and reception. It is indicated on the remarkable promise and importance of this scientific field for further research, especially in the aspect of expanding the theoretical and methodological basis for further empirical study and description of the psycholinguistic nature of wordsmithing.

Derivational Potential of Pronouns in German and Russian languages

The question of the use of pronouns as an element in the process of word formation of lexical units of the German and Russian languages is considered. The material was texts related to different genres: journalistic, popular science, scientific, artistic. The novelty of the research is seen in the comparison of the word-formation potential of pronouns in two languages, the word-formation system of which has some differences. The result of a comparative analysis of vocabulary related to different parts of speech is presented. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of using personal pronouns that are involved in nominal word formation. It is shown that lexical units with components — personal pronouns in the Russian language are less typical, however, they are used in texts of a certain subject and in some cases are tracing copies from the corresponding foreign words. Attention is paid to the emergence of neologisms and occasionalisms, the use of borrowings. The question is raised about the role of context in the interpretation of words with pronominal components. It is concluded that the derivational potential of pronouns is higher in German, but the lexical units of the Russian language can also be formed using similar elements. An increase in the number of words of this type in the Russian language is noted due to the translated terminology from the Germanic languages.

Topic: A Linguistic Study of the English Allomorphs il, ir, im, in and their Albanian equivalence

Although the Albanian and English languages both belong to the Indo-European family of languages, they are obviously different in terms of their morphological structure, word-formation system, especially in the type of prefixation, which is the focus of our study. Allomorphs, which can be found in both languages, are widely known as specific types of morphemes which are either morphologically or phonologically conditioned. Thus, the English prefix in- has allomorphs such as im-, ir-, il depending on the first sound of the base to which the prefix is added. If the first sound is p, b, m, the realization is im as in words like improper, imperfect, imbalance etc., but ir- with the sound /r/ as in irregular, and il- with the sound /l/ as in illegible. This paper aims at comparing the paradigmatic group of formations with prefixes il, ir, im, in in both English and Albanian. The study analyses the linguistic, morphological and semantic features they share and those that make them different by comparing and illustrating. The study is based on a practical lexical glossary. Aunque las lenguas albanesa e inglesa pertenecen a la familia de lenguas indoeuropeas, son obviamente diferentes en cuanto a su estructura morfológica, sistema de formación de palabras, especialmente en el tipo de prefijación, que es el foco de nuestro estudio. Los alomorfos, que se encuentran en ambas lenguas, son ampliamente conocidos como tipos específicos de morfemas que están condicionados morfológica o fonológicamente. Así, el prefijo inglés in- tiene alomorfos como im-, ir-, il dependiendo del primer sonido de la base a la que se añade el prefijo. Si el primer sonido es p, b, m, la realización es im como en palabras como impropio, imperfecto, desequilibrio, etc., pero ir- con el sonido /r/ como en irregular, e il- con el sonido /l/ como en ilegible. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar el grupo paradigmático de formaciones con prefijos il, ir, im, tanto en inglés como en albanés. El estudio analiza los rasgos lingüísticos, morfológicos y semánticos que comparten y los que los diferencian comparándolos e ilustrándolos. El estudio se basa en un glosario léxico práctico.

The Development of a Transdisciplinary Framework to Overcome Energy Efficiency Barriers in Shipbuilding: A Case Study for an Iranian Shipyard

Through a systematic literature review and a holistic perspective, the study proposes a conceptual transdisciplinary framework to overcome energy efficiency barriers during the shipbuilding phase. The process of the proposed transdisciplinary framework consists of five steps of “goal formation”, “system analyzing”, “scenario construction”, “multi-criteria decision making assessment” and “strategy building” to identify and rank the energy efficiency barriers during ship construction based on decision makers’ priorities. The framework categorizes the barriers into five disciplines—operations, policies and regulations, technology and innovation, the human elements, and economics—and the framework is applied to an Iranian shipyard. The results show that the economic barriers have the greatest impact, while the human barriers have the least impact on the shipyard’s energy performance. Due to the generalized structure of the framework, it categorizes not only energy efficiency barriers according to the importance and priorities of stakeholders in the shipbuilding industry, but can also be applied to other phases of the ship life cycle and even to other industries. By applying the framework, decision-makers can make rational and optimal decisions to be able to invest in energy efficiency measures based on their priorities.

Synergy of modern English word-formation system

The article focuses on the study of synergetic approach to the principles of Modern English word-formation system structural organization and development. Word-formation is regarded as a complex open non-equilibrium system with non-linear scenarios of development. The structural organization of the English language in general and word-formation endo-system in particular ensures their ability to self-organize via accepting and adapting new language units, meanings and functions (in terms of synergetic – innovative substance, energy and information) or their dissipation. Special attention is paid to the phenomenon of language units’ functional trans orientation which contributes to the enrichment of word-forming devices and leads to the improvement of verb creative mechanisms.

COMPOSITES-ADVERBS IN THE DIGOR DIALECT OF THE OSSETIAN LANGUAGE

Существенную часть лексического состава любого языка составляют дериваты, ввиду этого, особое значение в номинативной деятельности человека приобретает словообразование. Всестороннее и разноаспектное исследование словообразователь­ной системы языков и их диалектов является одной из самых актуальных проблем в современном языкознании. Данное исследование посвящено одному из самых про­дуктивных способов словообразования – словосложению (композитообразованию) в дигорском диалекте осетинского языка. Существует ряд научных трудов по данной проблеме, но они освещают лишь отдельные словообразовательные виды, типы и модели, комплексного исследования композитного словообразования в дигорском ди­алекте не проводилось. Следует подчеркнуть, что словосложение по-разному прояв­ляет себя в разных частях речи. Особенности наблюдаются как в характере связи компонентов, так и в различной продуктивности самих типов сложений и разных лексико-грамматических классах слов. Отдельное изучение словообразования каждой части речи дает возможность выделить все способы и все средства, свойственные этой части речи. Исследование словообразовательных типов новых слов, их появ­ления в результате различных взаимодействий с другими словообразовательными типами может дать представление о том, какие тенденции проявляются в совре­менной словообразовательной системе языка. В соответствии с этим, основной це­лью работы является структурно-семантический анализ композитов-наречий, их типологическая характеристика, выявление наиболее продуктивных моделей. Ком­плексный подход к исследуемому материалу обусловил необходимость использования таких методов, как: описательный, сравнительно-сопоставительный, компонент­ный, статистический. В ходе исследования выявлены основные словообразователь­ные модели композитов-наречий в дигорском диалекте; проведен частеречный ана­лиз компонентов композитов-наречий; определена типология отношений между компонентами с учетом степени продуктивности. Derivatives make up a significant part of the lexical composition of any language, in view of this, word formation acquires special significance in the nominative activity of a person. Comprehensive and multifaceted study of the word-formation system of languages and their dialects is one of the most pressing problems in modern linguistics. This research is devoted to one of the most productive ways of word formation - word composition (compositing) in the Digor dialect of the Ossetian language. There are a number of scientific works on this problem, but they cover only certain derivational types, types and models; a comprehensive study of composite word formation in the Digor dialect has not been carried out. It should be emphasized that word composition manifests itself in different ways in different parts of speech. Features are observed both in the nature of the connection between the components, and in the different productivity of the types of additions themselves and different lexical and grammatical classes of words. A separate study of word formation for each part of speech makes it possible to highlight all the methods and all the means inherent in this part of speech. The study of word-formation types of new words, their appearance as a result of various interactions with other word-formation types can give an idea of what tendencies are manifested in the modern word-formation system of the language. In accordance with this, the main goal of the work is the structural and semantic analysis of composites-adverbs, their typological characteristics, and the identification of the most productive models. An integrated approach to the material under study necessitated the use of methods such as: descriptive, comparative, component, statistical. In the course of the research, the main derivational models of composites-adverbs in the Digor dialect were revealed; a part-of-speech analysis of the components of adverb composites was carried out; defined a typology of relationships between components, taking into account the degree of productivity.