Impact of Positive Reinforcement Theory on Weightlifter’s Performance

A common problem was observed at local level weightlifting clubs in Lahore, Pakistan i.e., coaches use inappropriate ways (shouting and abusing) to get desired performance results but, it ends in young weightlifter’s resentment and take them away from their sport targets and some choose to quit weightlifting sport as well. The existing literature about acquiring desired results in sports suggests; only positive approach can be useful i.e., Positive Reinforcement Theory ‘PRT’ developed by B F Skinner (Marzieh Gordan, 2014). Hence, in this applied deductive type quantitative study, an eight-week experiment was conducted in Lahore which tested the implications of Positive Reinforcement Theory on young weightlifters’ performance. The objectives of this study were; (a) to apply Positive Reinforcement Theory in weightlifting sport to examine the cause-and-effect relationship between positive reinforcement and young weightlifter’s performance, (b) to test if the study’s Positive Reinforcement Program ‘PRP’ model helps young weightlifters to achieve desired targets within given timeframe or not? At first, pre-competition was administered to record standard performance results of both groups. Secondly, ‘PRP’ Model based on ‘PRT’ was introduced to experimental group and then post-competition testing was conducted to record and compare performance results of both groups. The results of both groups’ Paired Sample t-test and Independent Sample t-test, using statistical package SPSS version 23, showed a significant impact of ‘PRP’ model on the young weightlifter’s performance. Therefore, it is concluded that; acquisition of young weightlifters’ desired performance results. Coaches should use ‘PRP’ model rather than applying inappropriate ways to motivate young weightlifters. The PRP model also helps young weightlifters to achieve their targeted performance results within given timeframe.

The effects of a maternal nursing competency reinforcement program on nursing students’ problem-solving ability, emotional intelligence, self-directed learning ability, and maternal nursing performance in Korea: a randomized controlled trial

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a maternal nursing competency reinforcement program for nursing students and assess the program’s effectiveness in Korea. Methods: The maternal nursing competency reinforcement program was developed following the ADDIE model. This study employed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design that applied a non-blinded, randomized controlled trial with nursing students (28 experimental, 33 control) followed by open-ended interviews with a subset (n=7). Data were analyzed by both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that significant differences according to group and time in maternal nursing performance; assessment of and intervention in postpartum uterine involution and vaginal discharge (F=24.04, p<.001), assessment of and intervention in amniotic membrane rupture (F=36.39, p<.001), assessment of and intervention in delivery process through vaginal examination (F=32.42 p<.001), and nursing care of patients undergoing induced labor (F=48.03 p<.001). Group and time improvements were also noted for problem-solving ability (F=9.73, p<.001) and emotional intelligence (F=4.32 p=.016). There were significant differences between groups in self-directed learning ability (F=13.09 p=.001), but not over time. The three themes derived from content analysis include “learning with a colleague by simulation promotes self-reflection and learning,” “improvement in maternal nursing knowledge and performance by learning various countermeasures,” and “learning of emotionally supportive care, but being insufficient.” Conclusion: The maternal nursing competency reinforcement program can be effectively utilized to improve maternal nursing performance, problem-solving ability, and emotional intelligence for nursing students.

La desigualdad educativa, ¿son los programas de refuerzo la solución? Evidencia empírica del impacto a nivel intracentros

El diferente ritmo de aprendizaje entre el alumnado es, y ha sido, un problema tanto para el profesor como para la comunidad educativa y académica en su conjunto. Entre las políticas públicas dirigidas a corregir esta problemática destacan dos: el agrupamiento del alumnado con base en sus capacidades-tracking- y, más recientemente, los programas de refuerzo extraescolares. En este trabajo se evalúa el impacto que, sobre la desigualdad educativa, tuvo un programa de refuerzo implantado de manera voluntaria en los institutos españoles entre 2005 y 2012: el plan PROA. Como medida de aproximación a la desigualdad educativa se ha empleado la brecha en términos de resultados existente entre los alumnos de un mismo centro, así como el índice de desigualdad de Gini. Los resultados obtenidos, a partir de la técnica de Propensity Score Matching, señalan que la aplicación del programa no redujo las diferencias en términos de puntuación entre el alumnado, de igual modo que no aumentaron las calificaciones medias en lectura en aquellos centros que decidieron participar en el programa. The need to cater to the different learning pace of students still remains a frequent problem for both teachers and the academic community. Among the public policies aimed to solve this problem, two stand out: the grouping of students based on their abilities -tracking- and, more recently, the extracurricular reinforcement programs. This paper evaluates the impact that the PROA, a reinforcement program implemented on a voluntary basis by different High Schools in Spain between 2005 and 2012, had on educational inequality. To measure educational inequality, the gap in terms of results between the students of the same school has been used, as well as the Gini inequality index. The results obtained, which are based on the Propensity Score Matching technique, indicate that the implementation of this program did not bridge the gap in terms of marks between students. They also suggest that average reading scores did not increase in those schools that decided to participate in the program.

Evaluation of Character Education Strengthening Program at SMA Negeri 2 Kediri

This article aims to review the evaluation of the character strengthening Program (PPK) with models of CIPP models (Context, Input, Process, and Product). The character education reinforcement Program aims to instil the values of the nation’s character formation massively and effectively through the implementation of the key values of the national movement of the Mental revolution. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the implementation of character education strengthening at SMA Negeri 2 Kediri. This article is a result of field research using the Mixed Methods approach. Data sources obtained from principals, deputy principals, educators, and learners. The population is focused on the XI class students with a sample of 38 students while product component data is collected through questionnaires. The results showed that on the Context component, the school’s understanding of PPK was not maximized, environmental support was excellent, and the purpose of the program was obvious. The Input component indicates that the availability of human resources educators and funding sources insufficient categories. The Process component is good enough with evidence of the implementation of class-based programs. Product component Achievement Five main values of PPK students of class XI SMA Negeri 2 Kediri with the average value of a poll obtained by 78.6 shows the very good category in achieving five main values of PPK characters.

Efektivitas Teknik Forward Chaining Pada Kemampuan Menggunakan Kemeja Pada Anak Dengan Disabilitas Intelektual

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi adanya keterbatasan pada anak dengan disabilitas intelektual tingkat sedang yang belum mampu memakai kemeja secara mandiri. Pada sisi lain, kemeja merupakan salah satu pakaian wajib yang harus anak pakai setiap hari, terutama saat ke sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan program modifikasi perilaku dengan teknik forward chaining yang tujuannya mengajarkan anak untuk dapat memakai kemeja secara mandiri. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah membantu anak agar lebih mandiri dalam berpakaian dan dapat berfungsi dengan lebih optimal. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah single subject design dengan desain penelitian A-B. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah seorang anak laki-laki berusia 6 tahun 5 bulan dengan diagnosis disabilitas intelektual tingkat sedang. Program modifikasi perilaku dalam penelitian ini menggabungkan teknik forward chaining dengan beberapa teknik lainnya, seperti prompt dan positive reinforcement. Program ini terdiri dari 7 tahapan, dengan masing-masing tiga kali percobaan pada setiap tahapannya. Analisis keberhasilan efektivitas program menggunakan analisis visual dengan membandingkan data yang diperoleh ketika baseline, intervensi, dan follow up. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan teknik forward chaining bersamaan dengan prompt dan positive reinforcement terbukti efektif dalam membantu anak menguasai kemampuan untuk memakai kemeja secara mandiri.Â