scholarly journals Efektivitas Teknik Forward Chaining Pada Kemampuan Menggunakan Kemeja Pada Anak Dengan Disabilitas Intelektual

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Jaslinder Jaslinder ◽  
Rini Hildayani

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi adanya keterbatasan pada anak dengan disabilitas intelektual tingkat sedang yang belum mampu memakai kemeja secara mandiri. Pada sisi lain, kemeja merupakan salah satu pakaian wajib yang harus anak pakai setiap hari, terutama saat ke sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan program modifikasi perilaku dengan teknik forward chaining yang tujuannya mengajarkan anak untuk dapat memakai kemeja secara mandiri. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah membantu anak agar lebih mandiri dalam berpakaian dan dapat berfungsi dengan lebih optimal. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah single subject design dengan desain penelitian A-B. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah seorang anak laki-laki berusia 6 tahun 5 bulan dengan diagnosis disabilitas intelektual tingkat sedang. Program modifikasi perilaku dalam penelitian ini menggabungkan teknik forward chaining dengan beberapa teknik lainnya, seperti prompt dan positive reinforcement. Program ini terdiri dari 7 tahapan, dengan masing-masing tiga kali percobaan pada setiap tahapannya. Analisis keberhasilan efektivitas program menggunakan analisis visual dengan membandingkan data yang diperoleh ketika baseline, intervensi, dan follow up. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan teknik forward chaining bersamaan dengan prompt dan positive reinforcement terbukti efektif dalam membantu anak menguasai kemampuan untuk memakai kemeja secara mandiri. 

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. S1-54-S1-61
Author(s):  
Ben Laslett ◽  
Mark Uphill

This study examined the influence of two interventions (therapeutic letter to self; values targeting) on student-athletes’ mental health using two variants of a single-subject design: a multiple-baseline single-subject design and a probe design. Four high-ability student-athletes (two males and two females) who competed in various sports (e.g., soccer and cycling) completed two preintervention measures (Mental Health Continuum Short Form; Clinical Outcomes Routine Evaluation 10) at baseline. These measures were then readministered after Intervention 1, Intervention 2, and at a 2-week follow-up using a probe design. Mental well-being (Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale) was assessed every 2 days from start to finish using a multiple-baseline across-participants design. Data were analyzed via visual inspection methods, specifically, immediacy of effect, mean change, effect sizes, and percentage of overlapping data. Results indicated that two participants who completed the study (Nina and Tim) showed an increase in total mental health and a decrease in psychological distress from baseline to follow-up. Findings are discussed with respect to prior research and study limitations.


2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 1441-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ping Chen ◽  
Lin-Ju Kang ◽  
Tien-Yow Chuang ◽  
Ji-Liang Doong ◽  
Shwn-Jan Lee ◽  
...  

Background and Purpose Virtual reality (VR) creates an exercise environment in which the intensity of practice and positive feedback can be systematically manipulated in various contexts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the training effects of a VR intervention on reaching behaviors in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Participants Four children with spastic CP were recruited. Method A single-subject design (A-B with follow-up) was used. All children were evaluated with 3 baseline, 4 intervention, and 2 follow-up measures. A 4-week individualized VR training program (2 hours per week) with 2 VR systems was applied to all children. The outcome measures included 4 kinematic parameters (movement time, path length, peak velocity, and number of movement units) for mail-delivery activities in 3 directions (neutral, outward, and inward) and the Fine Motor Domain of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales–Second Edition (PDMS-2). Visual inspection and the 2-standard-deviation–band method were used to compare the outcome measures. Results Three children who had normal cognition showed improvements in some aspects of reaching kinematics, and 2 children’s change scores on the PDMS-2 reached the minimal detectable change during the intervention. The improvements in kinematics were partially maintained during follow-up. Discussion and Conclusion A 4-week individualized VR training program appeared to improve the quality of reaching in children with CP, especially in children with normal cognition and good cooperation. The training effects were retained in some children after the intervention.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Karyanti Karyanti ◽  
Yanti Agustina

Layanan Konseling Kelompok Dengan Teknik Menggambar Untuk Menurunkan Emosi Marah Peserta Didik di SMA Negeri-2 Palangka Raya Tahun Ajaran 2017/2018. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberhasilan Layanan Konseling Kelompok Dengan Teknik Menggambar Untuk Menurunkan Emosi Marah Peserta Didik Di SMA Negeri-2 Palangka Raya. Rancangan penelitian ini menggunakan Single Subject Design (SSD) dengan Multiple Baseline Across Subject. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah 9 pesera didik di kelas X MIPA-6 SMA Negeri 2 Palangkaraya tahun ajaran 2017/2018 yang teridentifikasi sebagai peserta didik yang berperilaku emosi marah dalam kategori cendrung tinggi, masing-masing diidentifikasi dari rubic observasi analisis analisis visual dengan memperhatikan perubahan level dan trend. Hasil analisis menunjukan kesembilan subjek pada fase baseline memiliki perilaku emosi marah yang cendrung tinggi. Pada fase intervensi terakhir kesembilan subjek mengalami penurunan kategori dari kategori tinggi menjadi sedang dan dari kategori sedang menjadi rendah. Pada fase berikutnya yaitu pada fase maintenance atau fase follow up, pergerakan data stabil seperti data pada pengukuran intervensi. Berdasarkan data tersebut trend dan level mengalami penurunan yang cukup tajam. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa layanan konseling kelompok dengan teknik menggambar dapat mengurangi emosi marah peserta didik di kelas X MIPA-6 SMA Negeri 2 Palangkaraya


2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marga A. W. Martens ◽  
Marleen J. Janssen ◽  
Wied A. J. J. M. Ruijssenaars ◽  
Mark Huisman ◽  
J. Marianne Riksen-Walraven

This study examined the effects of a 20-week intervention to foster affective involvement during interaction and communication between an adult with congenital deafblindness (CDB) and his caregivers in a group home and a daytime activities center. Using a single-subject design, we examined whether the intervention increased affective involvement between the participant and his caregivers, and whether the participant’s positive emotions increased and his negative emotions decreased. In both settings, an increase in affective involvement and very positive emotions coincided with the onset of the intervention, with the clearest effects in the daytime activities center. Negative emotions decreased in the daytime activities center. During follow-up, affective involvement decreased in both settings but remained above baseline. The caregivers indicated that it was easier to share positive emotions than negative emotions. This study demonstrates that it is possible to foster affective involvement with an adult with CDB, both during interaction and communication.


2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luziane de Fátima Kirchner ◽  
Maria de Jesus Dutra dos Reis

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects in the pain and sleep, and the clinic significance after an analytic-behavioral intervention to manage the condition of the physical and interpersonal environment related to pain. Four women with fibromyalgia and insomnia participated in a study with intervention withdrawal multiple baseline design and initial, intermediate, final, and follow-up assessments. Self-report instruments were used to assess pain intensity and disability, sleep quality, and insomnia severity, besides the actigraphy. Data showed that the intervention (20 sessions) was effective in reducing the sleep and pain problems in all participants by shifting two participants from clinical to non-clinical status in sleep indicators. The gains were maintained or increased in follow-up measures. However, the results should take into consideration the clinical condition and other variables that may have individually impacted the results.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Puspa Sari Muraidandini

Abstrak  PUSPA SARI M. Penerapan Cognitive Behaviour Therapy terhadap perilaku menarik diri klien “B” penyandang disabilitas tubuh Kelurahan Campaka Kecamatan Andir Kota Bandung. Penyandang disabilitas tubuh merupakan salah satu penyandang masalah kesejahteraan sosial  yang memiliki kecenderungan memiliki perilaku menarik diri. Dengan banyak nya pola pikir yang terdistorsi yang menyebabkan perilaku mereka pun menjadi mal adaptif. Menarik diri yang nampak pada pada penelitian ini adalah perilaku menarik diri dengan aspek-aspek di dalamnya seperti : mengasingkan diri, membesar-besarkan kekurangan dirinya, mudah tersinggung dan apatis terhadap aktivitas kegiatan di masyarakat atau di sekolah.  Cognitive Behaviour Therapy adalah terapi yang  efektif  dapat menolong klien untuk dapat merubah kognitif yang terdistorsi dan mengakibatkan perilaku yang mal adapif. Penyandingan  terapi realitas dan positive reinforcement dalam menerapkan cognitive behavior therapy pada klien dengan masalah menarik diri dirasakan sangat membantu klien untuk menemukan permasalahan dirinya, apa yang sudah dilakukannya, rencana klien kedepannya, evaluasi dan komitmen klien terhadap masa depannya. Positive reinforcement merupakan pembentukan tingkah laku dengan memberikan ganjaran atau perkuatan segera setelah tingkah laku yang diharapkan muncul. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuatitatif dengan metode penelitian single subject design dengan model A-B-A. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara angket atau kuisioner, observasi, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Adapun pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan cara perhitungan rumus dua standart deviasi (2SD). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan cognitive behavior therapy yang dikolaborasikan dengan terapi realitas dan positive reinforcement untuk menolong klien B dengan masalah menarik diri sangat efektif dilakukan dan dapat mengurangi perilaku menarik diri tersebut.  Kata Kunci : Menarik Diri, Penyandang Disabilitas Tubuh, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Terapi Realitas.


1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fugen Neziroglu ◽  
Jeffrey Neuman

Obsessions are considered more difficult to treat than compulsions because of their intangible and subjective nature and the special problems which they pose for gaining stimulus control. This study applied a single subject design with repeated measures for each of six patients. Exposure to imagery, thought stopping, and rational-emotive therapy (RET) were the independent variables. Three separate treatment phases were employed, which consisted of baseline, intervention, and follow-up. The dependent variables were self-reports of the frequency, intensity and duration of obsessions. For three patients RET appeared to be an effective strategy. For one of the three exposure was effective but further gains were made during RET. Three patients did not respond to any of the treatments. It appears that RET may be effective with obsessional patients who have historically been quite resistant to behavioral treatment. It seems that thought stopping is an ineffective approach and that exposure needs to be investigated further.


Author(s):  
Maria L. Muñoz

The purpose of this study was to measure outcomes resulting from a treatment designed to reduce aphasic perseverations by decreasing activation of the perseverative response and increasing activation of the target response. A single-subject design was used. A Spanish-speaking male with moderate-to-severe receptive-expressive aphasia participated in this study. Treatment involved the use of systematic reduction of interstimulus interval paired with semantic feature analysis. The treatment resulted in a decrease in perseveration, but only minor increases in naming accuracy on trained and untrained stimuli. In addition, an increase in overall verbal output was observed. Decreased perseveration was maintained during follow-up. Outcomes suggest the treatment successfully reduces perseveration and increases verbal output. Additional research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Rahmatika Septina Chairunnisa ◽  
Cut Nurul Kemala

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the application of shaping technique with positive reinforcement, prompting, and fading technique in increasing the duration of on task-behavior in children with attention problem. The participant was AR, a 6- year-1-month-old boy who showed some behavior criteria or description of attentional disorder in interactive disorder category (ICDL-DMIC, 2005). The design in this study was a single-subject design with A-B type. The observer used a continuous recording method to measure the duration of on-task and off-task behavior when the child was working on some grade-1-level academic tasks. The result showed longer on-task behavior duration at the end of the intervention program.


2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riyati .

Abstract Individuals who have high self-confidence have indicators covering believe in the ability of themselves, acted independently in making decisions, having a positive sense of self and the courage to express opinions.Confidence influenced by mental, social and physical factors. Physical state such as obesity, body parts defects or damage to one of the senses is an obvious flaws seen by others. A disability may not be able to react in a positive way so that there arises a sense of inferiority that became insecurity. This happens on US, persons with physical disability at BRSPC Cibabat Cimahi. People with disabilities that everyone who experiences physical limitations, intellectual, mental or sensory for long periods which in interaction with the environment may experience obstacles and difficulties to participate fully and effectively based on equality. This research aims to know and examine the implementation of Self instructional and Positive Reinforcement Technique to the self confident improvement of “US”. The Self Instructional Technique is a Self-Management strategy that contributes to a self-determination of the individual's ability in instructing and controlling themselves to prevent the emergence of low self-esteem behavior. Positive reinforcement is the establishment of behavior with a reward or reinforcement immediately after the behavior that is expected to appear. This research uses quantitative approach with a single subject design research methods were implemented to evaluate the implementation and achievement of a goal of intervention through repeated measurements. A validity test of measuring instruments in this research is to test the validity (face validity). Analysis of the data used testing the hypothesis by using the formula 2 standard deviations. The results of this research indicate that the Self instructional and Positive reinforcement techniques can improve confidence on US person with physical disability at BRSPC Cibabat Cimahi.Key words: Self confidence, People with Disabilities, Self Instructional and Positive Reinforcement Technique Abstrak Individu yang memiliki kepercayaan diri tinggi memiliki indikator yang meliputi percaya kepada kemampuan diri sendiri, bertindak mandiri dalam mengambil keputusan, memiliki rasa positif terhadap diri sendiri dan berani mengungkapkan pendapat. Kepercayaan diri dipengaruhi oleh faktor mental, sosial dan fisik. Keadaan fisik seperti kegemukan, cacat anggota tubuh atau rusaknya salah satu indera merupakan kekurangan yang jelas terlihat oleh orang lain. Seorang penyandang disabilitas bisa saja tidak dapat bereaksi secara positif sehingga timbulah rasa minder yang menjadi rasa tidak percaya diri. Hal ini terjadi pada US, penyandang disabilitas tubuh di BRSPC Cibabat Cimahi. Penyandang disabilitas yaitu setiap orang yang mengalami keterbatasan fisik, intelektual, mental dan atau sensorik dalam jangka waktu lama yang dalam berinteraksi dengan lingkungan dapat mengalami hambatan dan kesulitan untuk berpartisipasi secara penuh serta efektif berdasarkan kesamaan hak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mengkaji tentang penerapan teknik self instructional dan positive reinforcement terhadap peningkatan kepercayaan diri “US”. Teknik Self instructional merupakan strategi manajemen diri yang memberikan kontribusi bagi suatu penentuan kemampuan diri dari individu dalam menginstruksi dan mengendalikan diri untuk mencegah munculnya perilaku rendah diri. Positive reinforcement merupakan pembentukan tingkah laku dengan memberikan ganjaran atau perkuatan segera setelah tingkah laku yang diharapkan muncul. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian single subject design yang diimplementasikan untuk mengevaluasi pelaksanaan dan pencapaian suatu tujuan intervensi melalui pengukuran secara berulang. Uji validitas alat ukur dalam penelitian ini adalah uji validitas muka (face validity). Analisis data yang digunakan adalah pengujian hipotesis dengan menggunakan rumus 2 standar deviasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teknik Self instructional dan teknik Positive reinforcement dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan diri pada US penyandang disabilitas tubuh di BRSPC Cibabat Cimahi.Kata kunci: Kepercayaan Diri, Penyandang Disabilitas, Teknik Self-Instructional dan Positive Reinforcement


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