The Koopman Representation and Positive Rokhlin Entropy

In this paper, we study connections between positive entropy phenomena and the Koopman representation for actions of general countable groups. Following the line of work initiated by Hayes for sofic entropy, we show in a certain precise manner that all positive entropy must come from portions of the Koopman representation that embed into the left-regular representation. We conclude that for actions having completely positive outer entropy, the Koopman representation must be isomorphic to the countable direct sum of the left-regular representation. This generalizes a theorem of Dooley–Golodets for countable amenable groups. As a final consequence, we observe that actions with completely positive outer entropy must be mixing, and when the group is non-amenable they must be strongly ergodic and have spectral gap.

International Responsibility

The final consequence of the dual legal nature discussed in the book concerns the international responsibility of international organizations. In particular, this chapter describes how the absence of a common conceptualization affected the work of the International Law Commission, the International Law Institute, and the International Law Association. Afterwards, the chapter focuses on the dual attribution of conduct to an international organization and to its member states. It contends that dual attribution is extremely important in practice and it reviews the cases in which it was at issue. After providing a set of principles on how to apply the dual attribution, it distinguishes between three sets of circumstances: dual attribution via institutional links, dual attribution via factual links, and exclusion of dual attribution when the conduct is attributable to only the organization or its member states. Finally, it discusses the effects of dual attribution in terms of joint responsibility.

Long stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in dry and saliva swab samples stored for diagnostics, Denmark

During the current COVID-19 pandemic, Danish authorities demand that clinical swab samples must be analysed within 72 hours. This time constraint was adopted to guarantee a quick and efficient response. As today, analysis results are given within 20 hours average fulfilling this demand. However, it is unclear for how long and under which conditions swab specimens can be stored without clinically affecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA stability. This study demonstrates that swabs specimens can be stored at −20°C and +4°C for up to 26 days without affecting RT-qPCR results. However, early detection of asymptomatic cases is important to reduce spreading COVID-19 may be the final consequence not only in Denmark but worldwide.

Fear of Death as the Foundation of Modern Political Philosophy and Its Overcoming by Transhumanism

Fear, which has always been one of the most powerful of human passions, has grown in importance during modernity. First with Machiavelli and later especially with Hobbes, fear has become one of the foundational ideas of modern political philosophy. If fear, especially fear of death, does indeed occupy a central place in the foundation of modern politics, then it is necessary to study carefully the implications and consequences of the transhumanist attempt to overcome death. Among the main aspirations of transhumanism is the search for almost infinite longevity and, eventually, the total abolition of aging. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the specific role that fear of death has played in modern political philosophy to understand the possible effects that an eventual overcoming of death would have, albeit partial, as wanted by transhumanists. While the possibility of achieving immortality seems unlikely, this doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t study what’s behind this transhumanist aspiration. In this way, transhumanism seems the final consequence of modern development, since it’s in continuity with the modern attempt to respond to the fear of death, but it does so by trying an ultimate solution to it through the elimination of death, at least by sickness and old age. In this paper, we will review the role of fear of death in the founding of modern political philosophy by Machiavelli and Hobbes, and then we will analyse the transhumanist attempt to overcome death as a consequence of this fear and its possible political effects.

Evaluación de la competencia transversal “Análisis y resolución de problemas” (CT3) en la titulación de GADE de la Facultad de ADE de la Universitat Politècnica de Valéncia

This paper describes the development and the conclusion of the meeting the professors of the Faculty of Business Administration in charge of the “point of control” subjects of the soft skill “Problem Analysis and Solving” (CT3) in the first and second level, held May 6th, 2019. The professors share their experience in implementing assessment methods in every subject following the guidelines of the general project of the UPV. The main conclusion is that the professor feels alone and has to find imaginative methods to assess the soft skill in a reliable way. Also, extant multiplicity of assessments of the skill contribute to certain confusion in the final consequence of the assessment in each subject, and hence a simplification is proposed.

„odtwarzając z ognia / ciebie, mój tekst”. Dwa wiersze Stanisława Barańczaka – o stwarzaniu i czytaniu drogich drugich

The article is a comparative analysis of two poems by Stanisław Barańczak: Bez poprawek [Without Corrections] from his debut collection Facial Corrections (Korekta twarzy) and She Cried That Night, but Not for Him to Hear (Płakała w nocy, ale nie jej płacz go zbudził) from his last collection Surgical Precision (Chirurgiczna precyzja). The subject of both these poems is love. In the first one, the erotic poem takes a surprising turn when the punchline reveals the object of feelings to be a text. It opens the reading proposed in the title, according to which the love described by Barańczak is turned into a text, a story, an emotional relationship between two people mediated by language, mutual interpretation and, as a final consequence, by poetry. The article discusses whether transferring feelings into a text is a necessary consequence of the textual nature of one’s presence in the world, whether it results in this tragic alienation of even the closest people or – quite the contrary – whether it allows one to break through the individuality.

DIFFERENT INFLUENCE OF COOPERATION AND PUBLIC FUNDING ON INNOVATION ACTIVITIES WITHIN GERMAN INDUSTRIES

The aim of this research is to analyse (i) influence of cooperation with different partners and public funding on firms´ willingness to innovate; (ii) how public funding and cooperation with different partners influence firms´ innovation performance (turnover); (iii) effects of mutual interactions between firms´ innovation activities, cooperation with different partners and public funding on firms´ innovation performance (measured with turnover). The situation of 561 firms in Machines and Equipment industries in Germany was analysed because it is one of the most competitive economy in the world and one of the leaders in innovation within European Union. It allows to create unique benchmark and to propose implications that will be more appropriate and applicable also in other countries. For analyses, the data from Community Innovation Survey 2012-2014, which is a harmonized questionnaire and provides EU's science and technology statistics, was used, and new binary and multiple linear regression models were employed. Results of analyses show that provision of public subsidies, unlike cooperation, strongly influence firm’s motivation to innovate. However, results also showed that supported innovation activities do not always lead to an increase in firms´ innovative performance. Therefore, it can be pointed to the phenomenon of inefficiency of public innovation support in final consequence.

CONCERNING SUMMABLE SZLENK INDEX

We generalize the notion of summable Szlenk index from a Banach space to an arbitrary weak*-compact set. We prove that a weak*-compact set has summable Szlenk index if and only if its weak*-closed, absolutely convex hull does. As a consequence, we offer a new, short proof of a result from Draga and Kochanek [J. Funct. Anal. 271 (2016), 642–671] regarding the behavior of summability of the Szlenk index under c0 direct sums. We also use this result to prove that the injective tensor product of two Banach spaces has summable Szlenk index if both spaces do, which answers a question from Draga and Kochanek [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 145 (2017), 1685–1698]. As a final consequence of this result, we prove that a separable Banach space has summable Szlenk index if and only if it embeds into a Banach space with an asymptotic c0 finite dimensional decomposition, which generalizes a result from Odell et al. [Q. J. Math. 59, (2008), 85–122]. We also introduce an ideal norm $\mathfrak{s}$ on the class $\mathfrak{S}$ of operators with summable Szlenk index and prove that $(\mathfrak{S}, \mathfrak{s})$ is a Banach ideal. For 1 ⩽ p ⩽ ∞, we prove precise results regarding the summability of the Szlenk index of an ℓp direct sum of a collection of operators.

Overreaching: a risk factor for periodontal disease?

Objective: to identify the effects of overreaching on the susceptibility to develop periodontal diseases. Material and Methods: search for scientific articles on the Pubmed database. The search strategy used the term “overreaching” with the Boolean operator “and”, and the keywords: effects, immunological, diagnosis. The descriptor “periodontal disease and risk factor” was also used. The studies selected were analyzed and the studies that did not cover the proposed subject were excluded. Results: periodontal diseases involve a multi-factorial etiology. Although the presence of microbiological pathogens is an important factor for the development of the diseases, other factors have also been highly correlated with their prevalence. The dysfunction of the immune function is more pronounced when the exercise is continuous, prolonged and moderately intense, condition that occurs in overreaching. There is a possibility that the combined effects of changes in immunological parameters may compromise the response to some diseases, such as periodontal diseases. The destruction of the periodontal tissues is a final consequence of the immune response from the host, which can vary in overreaching. Conclusion: overreaching may be responsible for alterations in the immune system of the athlete. Diseases that present a common inflammatory profile may suffer additional modulations because of this process, leaving these individuals under a higher risk.

Konstruktywizm jako perspektywa badawcza w wyjaśnianiu zachowań eurosceptyków w Parlamencie Europejskim w obszarze działań zewnętrznych Unii Europejskiej

This paper presents possibilities offered by the constructivist approach to analysing behaviours and attitudes of Eurosceptical MEPs towards the EU’s external actions. The analysis conducted in this paper shows that constructivism is very useful in explaining why Eurosceptics’ behaviour is often unusual in the field of European foreign policy. It also shows the evolution of Eurosceptic attitudes and identity. The inner organisation of the European Parliament is the main reason of this situation. The behaviour of small EP political groups is limited by the EP statute. It pushes Eurosceptical politicians to take part in debates within the EP framework, which has a significant influence on their identity. The final part of the paper shows the consequences of this process. The first of these are the “discursive nodal points” present in the Eurosceptical debates. The second is a “diplomatic republic of Europe” built between Eurosceptics in the EP. The third and final consequence is a “European public sphere” which emerges because Eurosceptics take part in EP debates.