Efficiency of Property and Forms of Management in Agriculture

Annotation: This article discusses the need to establish different types of ownership in agriculture in a market economy, the content of forms of entrepreneurship and property relations in agriculture, the objective need for the establishment of dehkan farms in the formation of private property in the sector, joint ventures in agriculture. Keywords: property, property reforms, public, private, private, state and mixed property, forms of entrepreneurship, private and private enterprises, joint ventures, dehkan and farm enterprises, joint property, cooperatives (companies), multi-sectoral economy.

Guarantees of the rights of heirs in the imposition of non-material obligations on them by will

The article examines the issue of assigning non-property obligations to testamentary heirs. Inheritance relations, for the most part, are property relations carried out by heirs through the performance of rights and obligations in respect of material assets left by the testator (apartments, land, cars, etc.). However, the civil legislation of Ukraine provides for a rule on the imposition of non-material obligations on the heirs. Since, according to the Civil Code of Ukraine, the inheritance consists only of property obligations, the testator, being deprived of the opportunity to transfer personal non-property rights and obligations to the heirs, has the right to oblige the heirs to perform non-property actions. It was found that the Laws of the XII Tables contained provisions that in the event of his death, the testator may dispose of non-property rights. n this context, it should be recognized that the views of those authors who believe that a will is not only a disposition of property, but also a disposition of other tangible or intangible benefits in the event of death, are successful. It has been established that the imposition of non-material duties to perform certain actions aimed at achieving a socially useful goal are separate testamentary dispositions. The classification of liabilities aimed at achieving a socially useful goal on property and non-property is substantiated. The definition of the concept of “socially useful activity” is offered. It is determined that posthumous orders of a non-property nature are of a mixed, property-nonproperty nature. It is established that the guarantee of the rights of heirs who are obliged to perform certain actions of a non-material nature is that the cost of these obligations should not exceed the value of the inherited property, and therefore the will will not have legal force if it does not have at least one property order.

Regulating the Urban Commons: A Romanian Case Study of Improving Building Facades

This paper examines the effect of build environment regulations for facades emergency repairs and embellishment, as implemented by the city of Cluj-Napoca, the second largest municipality in Romania. The scope was to identify to what extent the over taxation measure was efficient in generating compliant behaviour and what secondary effects it may have generated in people’s attitude towards the local authorities. We conducted structured interviews with 25 homeowners targeted by the policy. The qualitative analysis uncovers structural issues on how the policy was implemented and communicated to the population. It further acknowledges difficulties in managing mixed property and collective actions. We interpret the findings as a first step towards building a more comprehensive research framework focused also on included behavioural insights, as captured by our recommendations. Namely, they illustrate that homeowners were critical about the measure, both in its rationale and its implementation, and were unable to act upon a cost-benefit analysis given the ambiguous available information. The findings further acknowledge difficulties in managing mixed property and collective actions, but they also hint favourably towards the role of peer effects, expressed here as compliant neighbours’ behaviour. We interpret the results of this exploratory case study as a first step towards building a more comprehensive approach to serve as a toolkit in examining the development of innovative local policies in post-communist environments, through a combined research framework including also the significant contribution of behavioural insights, next to the traditional rational actor theories. Naturally, the usual limitations of the method also apply to our study, in the sense of non-generalizable conclusions. This fuels up the need for further research on similar regional and urban challenges in an extended multiple-case study scheme.

The Production of Community in Community Land Trusts

This paper explores the ways notions of community are produced and understood by homeowners/ members, staff, and board members of eight Community Land Trusts (CLTs) in the state of Minnesota. The CLT model utilizes a mixed property regime that ensures the permanent affordability of land to make it accessible to low–income people. In most cases, CLT land is made up of noncontiguous parcels spread across a neighborhood or municipality, embedded in an existing landscape of geographic and social communities. CLTs have been lauded as agents in and for community control of urban land tenure, yet there has been little scholarship on what exactly “community” means to those involved. This article addresses this gap through an analysis of the empirical findings of a three–year study of CLTs in Minnesota in which participants were asked to think through how they conceptualized the community in the CLTs they were a part of. Our findings show that little sense of community exists among the CLT homeowners we interviewed. Despite this, CLT homeowners did feel a sense of community in their relationships with CLT staff members, and, interestingly, expressed a feeling of (imagined) community with future CLT homeowners.

A Mixed Property-Based Automatic Shadow Detection Approach for VHR Multispectral Remote Sensing Images

Shadows in very high-resolution multispectral remote sensing images hinder many applications, such as change detection, target recognition, and image classification. Though a wide variety of significant research has explored shadow detection, shadow pixels are still more or less omitted and are wrongly confused with vegetation pixels in some cases. In this study, to further manage the problems of shadow omission and vegetation misclassification, a mixed property-based shadow index is developed for detecting shadows in very high-resolution multispectral remote sensing images based on the difference of the hue component and the intensity component between shadows and nonshadows, and the difference of the reflectivity of the red band and the near infrared band between shadows and vegetation cover in nonshadows. Then, the final shadow mask is achieved, with an optimal threshold automatically obtained from the index image histogram. To validate the effectiveness of our approach for shadow detection, three test images are selected from the multispectral WorldView-3 images of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and are tested with our method. When compared with other investigated standard shadow detection methods, the resulting images produced by our method deliver a higher average overall accuracy (95.02%) and a better visual sense. The highly accurate data show the efficacy and stability of the proposed approach in appropriately detecting shadows and correctly classifying shadow pixels against the vegetation pixels for very high-resolution multispectral remote sensing images.

CP mixed property of the Higgs-like particle in the decay channel h→Z Z*→4l

Current experiments do not support, as ATLAS and CMS Collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider reported, that the Higgs-like resonance discovered in July 2012 is a pure CP-odd state. We examine a general hZZ vertex which contains CP-even and CP-odd couplings, by studying the process [Formula: see text] with l1, l2 = e or μ, to explore the CP mixed property of the Higgs-like particle. One momentum asymmetry and two angular asymmetries have been analyzed in order to reveal the difference from different CP-couplings. Our study shows that these asymmetries could be interesting observables in the future precise experiments.

Property as a Social Relation: Rights of “Kindness” and the Social Organization of Lobster Fishing among Northeastern Nova Scotian Scottish Gaels

This paper describes the informal system of property rights that characterizes the commercially valuable lobster fishery pursued in St. George’s Bay, northeastern Nova Scotia, by the descendents of Scottish Gaels. In this setting, discrete family-defined but individually “owned” lobster fishing berths coexist cheek by jowl with a “common ground” fishery. The principles governing the berth system derive, in part, from a land-based system of usufruct rights termed “kindnesses” in 18th century Scotland. The historical, familial, and community attributes of the berth system are outlined, as are the characteristics of the coexistent common ground fishery. Lobster harvesters with berth rights and many without argue that the berth system, in and of itself, is an effective conservation mechanism. This contention is described and discussed in relation to historical evidence respecting local lobster landings and recruitment characteristics. The paper concludes by arguing, first of all, that regulatory authorities should pay far more attention to the role played by informal property rights systems in accomplishing the goals of conservation and good management. While fisheries of this type are typically described in the literature as common property systems, we argue that they are, in fact, mixed property systems—a fact not adequately accounted for by existing regulatory policy or common property theory.