scholarly journals The chemical composition and manufacturing technology of glass beads excavated from the Hetian Bizili site, Xinjiang

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Rui Wen ◽  
Xingjun Hu ◽  
Wenying Li
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
The West ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Southern Route

Abstract The Hetian Bizili site of the Lop County, located in the southern route of the Silk Road in Xinjiang, China, was a trade and cultural hub between the East and the West in ancient times. In 2016, a large number of glass beads were unearthed from the 40 tombs excavated on this site. This study analyzed the chemical composition and manufacturing technology of twelve glass beads from the M5 tomb of the Bizili site by using various analytical techniques such as LA-ICP-AES, EDXRF, Raman Spectrometry, and SR-μCT. The chemical compositions of the beads were all Na 2 O-CaO-SiO 2 , with plant ash and natron as fluxes. The lead antimonite and lead stannate were applied as the opacifying agents. Some of the beads with high contents of aluminum may potentially come from Ancient India. In terms of manufacturing technology, the craftsmen made eyeballs of glass beads in different ways and even applied the same process as Etched Carnelian beads in some beads. This study confirmed that Bizili was an essential place for the interactions between the East and the West and provided the foundation for the spreading of glass beads.

scholarly journals The chemical composition and manufacturing technology of glass beads excavated from the Hetian Bizili site, Xinjiang

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Rui Wen ◽  
Xingjun Hu ◽  
Wenying Li
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
The West ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Southern Route

Abstract The Hetian Bizili site of the Lop County, located in the southern route of the Silk Road in the Xinjiang, China, was a trade and cultural hub between the East and the West in ancient times. In 2016, a large number of glass beads were unearthed from the 40 tombs excavated in this site. This study analyzed the chemical composition and manufacturing technology of twelve glass beads from the M5 tomb of the Bizili site by using various analytical techniques such as LA-ICP-AES, EDXRF, Raman Spectrometry, and SR-μCT. The chemical compositions of the beads were all Na 2 O-CaO-SiO 2 , with plant ash and natron as fluxes. The lead antimonite and lead stannate were applied as the opacifying agents. Some of the beads with high contents of aluminum may potentially come from Ancient India. In terms of manufacturing technology, the craftsmen made eyeballs of glass beads in different ways, and even applied the same process as Etched Carnelian beads in some beads. This study confirmed that Bizili was an essential place for the interactions between the East and the West and provided the foundation for the spreading of glass beads.

scholarly journals The chemical composition and manufacturing technology of glass beads excavated from the Hetian Bizili site, Xinjiang

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Rui Wen ◽  
Julian Henderson ◽  
Xingjun Hu ◽  
Wenying Li
Keyword(s):  
Glass Beads ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
The West ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Southern Route ◽  
The Silk Road ◽  
Plant Ash ◽  
Lead Antimonate

AbstractThe Hetian Bizili site in Lop County, located on the southern route of the Silk Road in Xinjiang, China, was a trade and cultural hub between the East and the West in ancient times. In 2016, a large number of glass beads were unearthed from the 40 tombs excavated on this site. In this study we determined the chemical compositions and manufacturing technology of bodies and decorations of twelve glass beads from the M5 tomb of Bizili by using LA-ICP-AES, EDXRF, Raman Spectrometry, and SR-μCT. The chemical compositions of the beads were all Na2O–CaO–SiO2, with plant ash mainly used as a flux. Lead antimonate and lead stannate were used as the opacifying agents. We detected elevated levels of boron and high levels of phosphorus in some beads: this is discussed in the context of the type of flux used and the possible use of a P-rich opacifier. Some of the beads with high contents of aluminum may potentially come from Pakistan. In terms of manufacturing technology, the craftsmen made ‘eye’ beads in different ways and also trail decorated beads.

scholarly journals An Archaeometric Investigation of Gems and Glass Beads Decorating the Double-Arm Reliquary Cross from Liège, Belgium

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 4542-4557
Author(s):  
Yannick Bruni ◽  
Frédéric Hatert ◽  
Merry Demaude ◽  
Nicolas Delmelle ◽  
Philippe George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cross Dating

In 1914, a magnificent reliquary cross dating from the early XIIIth century was discovered in a safe from the Liège Cathedral. This double-arm cross shows a wooden structure, covered by gold-coated copper on the front, and by carved silver plates on the back. Its total length is 34 cm, and it is covered by filigrees, gems, glass beads, and pearls on its front. The reliquary cross was analysed by Raman spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) to determine the mineralogical and chemical compositions of gems, glass beads, and metals that have been used to decorate it. The results confirm the identification of twenty-five turquoises from Egypt, one garnet from Sri Lanka, as well as six quartz and one opal whose origin is difficult to certify. Twelve glass beads, showing green, blue, or amber tints, were also identified. Their compositions either correspond to soda lime glasses with natron or to potash–lead glasses similar to those of Central Europe. Moreover, a small polished red cross and a green stone appear to be constituted by nice doublets, composed of coloured glass covered by quartz. The filigrees contain Au and Cu, while carved plates covering the edges and the back of the cross are made of silver.

High-throughput screening of the chemical composition distribution of random styrene-butyl acrylate copolymers

e-Polymers ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván García Romero ◽  
Harald Pasch
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Butyl Acrylate ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Composition Distribution ◽  
Chemical Composition Distribution ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

AbstractThe development of high-throughput liquid chromatographic techniques for the analysis of styrene-butyl acrylate (SBA) copolymers is discussed. The analysis time in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) can be reduced to about 3 min per sample when high-throughput SEC columns and high flow rates are used. In gradient HPLC, small columns with improved separation efficiencies can be applied. The time requirements can be decreased to less than 2 min per sample. Using the high-throughput HPLC technique, the chemical composition distribution of high-conversion SBA copolymers can be analyzed in a fast and efficient way. The calibration of HPLC separation is conducted by coupling the HPLC system with FTIR through the LC-transform interface. A comparison of the chemical compositions of the copolymers obtained by 1H NMR, off-line FTIR and coupled HPLCFTIR verifies the accuracy of the high-throughput copolymer analysis approach.

Relationship between Chemical Composition and the Amount of Phosphorus Adsorbed

2011 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Eiji Watanabe ◽  
Kaori Nishizawa ◽  
Masaki Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Adsorption Behaviors ◽  
Relationship Of

Relationship of the adsorption behaviors of phosphorus with several natural materials and artificial HAS-clay with various chemical compositions was investigated. The amounts of phosphorus adsorbed by them were closely related with the contents of aluminum in the material. It was found that the higher the aluminum contents of material, larger the amount of phosphorus were adsorbed.

scholarly journals Soil and Leaf Nutrients Drivers on the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Siparuna muricata (Ruiz & Pav.) A. DC. from Ecuador

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2949
Author(s):  
Juan I. Burneo ◽  
Ángel Benítez ◽  
James Calva ◽  
Pablo Velastegui ◽  
Vladimir Morocho
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Leaf Nutrients ◽  
First Time

Chemical compositions of plants are affected by the initial nutrient contents in the soil and climatic conditions; thus, we analyzed for the first time the effects of soil and leaf nutrients on the compositions of the essential oils (EOs) of Siparuna muricata in four different localities in Ecuador. EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Enantiomeric distribution by GC/MS was determined, modifying the enantiomeric separation of β-pinene, limonene, δ-elemene, β-bourbonene, cis-cadina-1 (6), 4-diene and atractylone. A total of 44 compounds were identified. The most representative for L1 were guaiol, atractylone and 4-diene; for L2, cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene and myrcene; for L3, atractylone, myrcene and germacrene B; and finally, L4 germacrene B, myrcene and cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene. Correlations between soil- leaf chemical elements such as Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, N and Si in the different localities were significant with chemical composition of the essential oil of Siparuna muricata; however, correlations between soil and leaf K, P, and Na were not significant. Cluster and NMDS analysis showed high dissimilarity values of secondary metabolites between four localities related with changes in soil- leaf nutrients. Thus, the SIMPER routine revealed that not all secondary metabolites contribute equally to establishing the differences in the four localities, and the largest contributions are due to differences in guaiol, cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene, atractylone and germacrene. Our investigation showed for the first time the influences of altitude and soil- leaf chemical elements in the chemical composition of the EOs of S. muricata.

Art. XIX.—An old Hebrew Romance of Alexander

1897 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-549
Author(s):  
M. Gaster
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bibliographical Information ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Great Mass

More marvellous and more remarkable than the real conquests of Alexander are the stories circulated about him, and the legends which have clustered round his name and his exploits. The history of Alexander has, from a very early period, been embellished with legends and tales. They spread from nation to nation during the whole of the ancient times, and all through the Middle Ages. Many scholars have followed up the course of this dissemination of the fabulous history of Alexander. It would, therefore, be idle repetition of work admirably done by men like Zacher, Wesselofsky, Budge, and others, should I attempt it here. All interested in the legend of Alexander are familiar with those works, where also the fullest bibliographical information is to be found. I am concerned here with what may have appeared to some of these students as the bye-paths of the legend, and which, to my mind, has not received that attention which is due to it, from more than one point of view. Hitherto the histories of Alexander were divided into two categories; the first were those writings which pretended to give a true historical description of his life and adventures, to the exclusion of fabulous matter; the other included all those fabulous histories in which the true elements were smothered under a great mass of legendary matter, the chief representative of this class being the work ascribed to a certain Callisthenes. The study of the legend centred in the study of the vicissitudes to which this work of (Pseudo-) Callisthenes had been exposed, in the course of its dissemination from the East, probably from its native country, Egypt, to the countries of the West.

scholarly journals Relationship between the Optical Properties and Chemical Composition of Urban Aerosol Particles in Lithuania

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julija Pauraite ◽  
Kristina Plauškaitė ◽  
Vadimas Dudoitis ◽  
Vidmantas Ulevicius
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
In Situ Investigation

In situ investigation results of aerosol optical properties (absorption and scattering) and chemical composition at an urban background site in Lithuania (Vilnius) are presented. Investigation was performed in May-June 2017 using an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), a 7-wavelength Aethalometer and a 3-wavelength integrating Nephelometer. A positive matrix factorisation (PMF) was used for the organic aerosol mass spectra analysis to characterise the sources of ambient organic aerosol (OA). Five OA factors were identified: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass-burning OA (BBOA), more and less oxygenated OA (LVOOA and SVOOA, respectively), and local hydrocarbon-like OA (LOA). The average absorption (at 470 nm) and scattering (at 450 nm) coefficients during the entire measurement campaign were 16.59 Mm−1 (standard deviation (SD) = 17.23 Mm−1) and 29.83 Mm−1 (SD = 20.45 Mm−1), respectively. Furthermore, the absorption and scattering Angström exponents (AAE and SAE, respectively) and single-scattering albedo (SSA) were calculated. The average AAE value at 470/660 nm was 0.97 (SD = 0.16) indicating traffic-related black carbon (BCtr) dominance. The average value of SAE (at 450/700 nm) was 1.93 (SD = 0.32) and could be determined by the submicron particle (PM1) dominance versus the supermicron ones (PM > 1 µm). The average value of SSA was 0.62 (SD = 0.13). Several aerosol types showed specific segregation in the SAE versus SSA plot, which underlines different optical properties due to various chemical compositions.

scholarly journals Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and biological properties of essential oils

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Hossein Saeidnejad ◽  
Peyman Rajaei
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Oil Repellent

Essential oils constitute a heterogeneous collection of chemical compounds. Their main characteristics are that they all synthesized by plants and are volatile and mostly soluble in ethanol. They have traditionally been obtained from plants and they have been widely used for insecticidal, medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Essential oils contains about 20–60 components at quite different concentrations and they are characterized by two or three major components at fairly high concentrations. Lately, the essential oils and various extracts of plants have gained special interest as sources of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents because of the resistance to antibiotics that some microorganisms have acquired and the possible toxicities of the synthetic antioxidants. Spices consumed daily in different types of food to improve flavors, since ancient times, are well known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. During recent decades, numerous numbers of plants have been monitored for their possible role as repellents and insecticides. In this review, the chemical composition profile of some important medicinal plants was evaluated, then antimicrobial properties of a number of essential oils was compared. Antioxidant activity of some essential oils was also considered. Finally, essential oil repellent properties an an important characteristics was evaluated. Further investigation for available data related to the other biological properties of medicinal plants essential oil is recommended.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i2.12043 International Journal of Life Sciences 9 (2) : 2015; 9-13

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