scholarly journals The chemical composition and manufacturing technology of glass beads excavated from the Hetian Bizili site, Xinjiang

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Rui Wen ◽  
Julian Henderson ◽  
Xingjun Hu ◽  
Wenying Li
Keyword(s):  
Glass Beads ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
The West ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Southern Route ◽  
The Silk Road ◽  
Plant Ash ◽  
Lead Antimonate

AbstractThe Hetian Bizili site in Lop County, located on the southern route of the Silk Road in Xinjiang, China, was a trade and cultural hub between the East and the West in ancient times. In 2016, a large number of glass beads were unearthed from the 40 tombs excavated on this site. In this study we determined the chemical compositions and manufacturing technology of bodies and decorations of twelve glass beads from the M5 tomb of Bizili by using LA-ICP-AES, EDXRF, Raman Spectrometry, and SR-μCT. The chemical compositions of the beads were all Na2O–CaO–SiO2, with plant ash mainly used as a flux. Lead antimonate and lead stannate were used as the opacifying agents. We detected elevated levels of boron and high levels of phosphorus in some beads: this is discussed in the context of the type of flux used and the possible use of a P-rich opacifier. Some of the beads with high contents of aluminum may potentially come from Pakistan. In terms of manufacturing technology, the craftsmen made ‘eye’ beads in different ways and also trail decorated beads.

scholarly journals The chemical composition and manufacturing technology of glass beads excavated from the Hetian Bizili site, Xinjiang

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Rui Wen ◽  
Xingjun Hu ◽  
Wenying Li
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
The West ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Southern Route

Abstract The Hetian Bizili site of the Lop County, located in the southern route of the Silk Road in the Xinjiang, China, was a trade and cultural hub between the East and the West in ancient times. In 2016, a large number of glass beads were unearthed from the 40 tombs excavated in this site. This study analyzed the chemical composition and manufacturing technology of twelve glass beads from the M5 tomb of the Bizili site by using various analytical techniques such as LA-ICP-AES, EDXRF, Raman Spectrometry, and SR-μCT. The chemical compositions of the beads were all Na 2 O-CaO-SiO 2 , with plant ash and natron as fluxes. The lead antimonite and lead stannate were applied as the opacifying agents. Some of the beads with high contents of aluminum may potentially come from Ancient India. In terms of manufacturing technology, the craftsmen made eyeballs of glass beads in different ways, and even applied the same process as Etched Carnelian beads in some beads. This study confirmed that Bizili was an essential place for the interactions between the East and the West and provided the foundation for the spreading of glass beads.

scholarly journals The chemical composition and manufacturing technology of glass beads excavated from the Hetian Bizili site, Xinjiang

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Rui Wen ◽  
Xingjun Hu ◽  
Wenying Li
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
The West ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Southern Route

Abstract The Hetian Bizili site of the Lop County, located in the southern route of the Silk Road in Xinjiang, China, was a trade and cultural hub between the East and the West in ancient times. In 2016, a large number of glass beads were unearthed from the 40 tombs excavated on this site. This study analyzed the chemical composition and manufacturing technology of twelve glass beads from the M5 tomb of the Bizili site by using various analytical techniques such as LA-ICP-AES, EDXRF, Raman Spectrometry, and SR-μCT. The chemical compositions of the beads were all Na 2 O-CaO-SiO 2 , with plant ash and natron as fluxes. The lead antimonite and lead stannate were applied as the opacifying agents. Some of the beads with high contents of aluminum may potentially come from Ancient India. In terms of manufacturing technology, the craftsmen made eyeballs of glass beads in different ways and even applied the same process as Etched Carnelian beads in some beads. This study confirmed that Bizili was an essential place for the interactions between the East and the West and provided the foundation for the spreading of glass beads.

scholarly journals Shedding New Light on Ancient Glass Beads by Synchrotron, SEM-EDS, and Raman Spectroscopy Techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seriwat Saminpanya ◽  
Chatree Saiyasombat ◽  
Nirawat Thammajak ◽  
Chanakarn Samrong ◽  
Sirilak Footrakul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Oxidation States ◽  
The West ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ancient Glass ◽  
The Silk Road

Abstract The oxidation states of colouring elements and the pigments in ancient rare glasses have been investigated in this study. Synchrotron X-ray, SEM-EDS, and Raman techniques revealed that Cu2+plays a major role in blue and green glasses. The lead stannate pigment gives glasses a yellow colour. Copper and lead stannate can cause the green colour in glasses, and iron gives rise to the colour of black glasses. Microcomputed tomography reveals the distribution of the heavy elements, pigments, and inclusions in the glasses. The Dvaravati glasses in Southeast Asia may have been imported or technologically transferred to domestic manufacturers during trading on the Silk Road that connected the East and the West.

scholarly journals An Archaeometric Investigation of Gems and Glass Beads Decorating the Double-Arm Reliquary Cross from Liège, Belgium

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 4542-4557
Author(s):  
Yannick Bruni ◽  
Frédéric Hatert ◽  
Merry Demaude ◽  
Nicolas Delmelle ◽  
Philippe George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cross Dating

In 1914, a magnificent reliquary cross dating from the early XIIIth century was discovered in a safe from the Liège Cathedral. This double-arm cross shows a wooden structure, covered by gold-coated copper on the front, and by carved silver plates on the back. Its total length is 34 cm, and it is covered by filigrees, gems, glass beads, and pearls on its front. The reliquary cross was analysed by Raman spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) to determine the mineralogical and chemical compositions of gems, glass beads, and metals that have been used to decorate it. The results confirm the identification of twenty-five turquoises from Egypt, one garnet from Sri Lanka, as well as six quartz and one opal whose origin is difficult to certify. Twelve glass beads, showing green, blue, or amber tints, were also identified. Their compositions either correspond to soda lime glasses with natron or to potash–lead glasses similar to those of Central Europe. Moreover, a small polished red cross and a green stone appear to be constituted by nice doublets, composed of coloured glass covered by quartz. The filigrees contain Au and Cu, while carved plates covering the edges and the back of the cross are made of silver.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GLASS BEADS FROM MADAGASCAR

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Robertshaw ◽  
Bako Rasoarifetra ◽  
Marilee Wood ◽  
Erik Melchiorre ◽  
Rachel S. Popelka-Filcoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Plant Ash ◽  
Made In

Chemical analysis of 31 glass beads from the sites of Mahilaka and Sandrakatsy in Madagascar, which date to approximately the 9th to 15th centuries CE, reveals the presence of two main types of glass: mineral- soda glasses and plant-ash glasses. Most of these glasses were probably made in South Asia.

Art. XIX.—An old Hebrew Romance of Alexander

1897 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-549
Author(s):  
M. Gaster
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bibliographical Information ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Great Mass

More marvellous and more remarkable than the real conquests of Alexander are the stories circulated about him, and the legends which have clustered round his name and his exploits. The history of Alexander has, from a very early period, been embellished with legends and tales. They spread from nation to nation during the whole of the ancient times, and all through the Middle Ages. Many scholars have followed up the course of this dissemination of the fabulous history of Alexander. It would, therefore, be idle repetition of work admirably done by men like Zacher, Wesselofsky, Budge, and others, should I attempt it here. All interested in the legend of Alexander are familiar with those works, where also the fullest bibliographical information is to be found. I am concerned here with what may have appeared to some of these students as the bye-paths of the legend, and which, to my mind, has not received that attention which is due to it, from more than one point of view. Hitherto the histories of Alexander were divided into two categories; the first were those writings which pretended to give a true historical description of his life and adventures, to the exclusion of fabulous matter; the other included all those fabulous histories in which the true elements were smothered under a great mass of legendary matter, the chief representative of this class being the work ascribed to a certain Callisthenes. The study of the legend centred in the study of the vicissitudes to which this work of (Pseudo-) Callisthenes had been exposed, in the course of its dissemination from the East, probably from its native country, Egypt, to the countries of the West.

scholarly journals Hydrocarbon Distribution Pattern in the Upper Ordovician Carbonate Reservoirs and its Main Controlling Factors in the West Part of Northern Slope of Central Tarim Basin, NW China

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuxiang Lü ◽  
Jianfa Han ◽  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Weiwei Jiao ◽  
Hongfeng Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Tarim Basin ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Northern Slope ◽  
Upper Ordovician ◽  
The West ◽  
West Part

The northern slope of Tazhong palaeo-uplift has become a key target field for petroleum exploration in Tarim Basin. A major breakthrough is made in the Upper Ordovician oil and gas exploration in the west part of northern slope. Oil and gas near the Tazhong I slope-break zone occurred in Liang2 section was dominated by condensate gas reservoir, while oil reservoir was mainly inward distributed in Liang3 section. The crude oils in this region in physical properties characterized by low density, low viscosity, low freezing point, low sulfur content, medium wax content. And the natural gas in chemical components was featured by low-medium nitrogen content, low-medium carbon dioxide content and medium-high hydrogen sulfide content. In the plane direction, oil and gas exhibited a “oil in the interior, gas in the exterior” distribution pattern, and mainly located in a depth range of 0∼60 m below the top of the Liang3 section in the longitudinal direction. The distribution patterns displayed in physical properties and chemical compositions of oil and gas are controlled by multiple influencing factors. The results of above comprehensive studies suggested that vertical overriding of reef-bank-type reservoirs in Liang2 section and karst reservoirs in Liang3 section provided superior reservoir conditions; faults and fractures not only formed reservoir space and improved reservoir quality, also promoted the development of karst reservoirs and provided good migration pathway for hydrocarbon accumulation; one of the nonnegligible factors leading to this kind of distribution pattern for the Upper Ordovician oil and gas reservoirs is shale content in the compact carbonate formation; multi-sources and multi-stages of hydrocarbon filling are absolutely necessary controlling factor for this kind of distribution pattern in the whole block.

scholarly journals Study on Western Asiatic cast ribbed rectangular beads from Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey, by using portable X-ray fluorescence

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Izumi Nakai ◽  
Kriengkamol Tantrakarn ◽  
Yoshinari Abe ◽  
Sachihiro Omura
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Excavation Site ◽  
Plant Ash ◽  
Xrf Analyses

In this article we report a comparative study on excavated objects and artifact from museums to reveal an aspect of ancient trade. The target artifact is Western Asiatic cast ribbed rectangular beads excavated from an architectural remain at Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey. Blue glass beads of this type have been excavated in Western Asia from north Iran and Iraq to the Syro-Palestinian coast from second half of 16th to 14th century BC. The analysis of the samples was carried out by using a portable Xray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer developed by us. The instrument was brought to the excavation site in Turkey as well as to the museums to analyse typologically similar glass beads from the collection of Okayama Orient Museum and MIHO MUSEUM in Japan, for comparison. Our XRF analyses suggested that all analysed glass artifacts are plant ash sodalime silica glass with 2-4 wt% magnesium and potassium. The three glass beads exhibited similar compositional characteristic, i.e. they contain Sb, Pb, Fe, Cu and Sr in similar quantities. A typological and principal component analysis comparison of the glass beads unearthed from Kaman- Kalehöyük site with those of the museums and literature data support that they should have a similar origin. In addition, archaeological context of the glass from Kaman-Kalehöyük also supports that the artifact belongs to the Middle-Late Bronze Age (16th to 15th centuries BC). This is the first scientific material evidence that shows the possibility of a cultural flow from Mesopotamia region to Kaman-Kalehöyük during Middle- Late Bronze Age.

Art. VII.—Account of the Province of Rámnád, Southern Peninsula of India. Compiled from the “Mackenzie Collection,” and edited by the Secretary to the Royal Asiatic Society

1836 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 165-188
Keyword(s):  
General Aspect ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Asiatic Society ◽  
The North ◽  
Artificial Lakes ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Government ◽  
Royal Asiatic Society ◽  
North Latitude

This province, the government of which is now administered by the British, formed in ancient times the greater part of the principality, or fiefship, of the Sétu-pattis, the chiefs or guardians of the passage leading from the continent of India to the island of Ráméswara, and thence to the opposite coast of Ceylon, called Ráma's Bridge, or Adam's Bridge. These chieftains, dating their authority from the period of the establishment of a place of pilgrimage on the island of Ráméswara, by the Great Ráma, claim an antiquity even higher than that of the Pándyans, or kings of Madura, but to whom, it would appear, that they were, in general, tributary, though now and then asserting and maintaining their independence. Of their history, however, we are not now to speak, but of the province as it was in the year 1814, when the data were taken from which chiefly the following account is compiled. It lies between the ninth and tenth degrees of north latitude, and the seventy-eighth and seventy-ninth of east longitude; is bounded on the north by the provinces of Tanjore and Pudukotta, on the south and east by the sea, and on the west by the districts of Tinnevelly, Madura, and Sivaganga; and comprehends an area of nearly two thousand five hundred square miles. Its general aspect is that of high and low lands, the latter having numerous artificial lakes, constructed for the purpose of promoting cultivation; the former exhibiting a variety of dry grain-fields, while the northern districts abound with extensive groves of Palmyra trees, with scarcely a vestige of jungle. The whole is divided into seventeen districts, comprising one thousand six hundred and sixtyeight towns and principal and subordinate villages, with a population, at the period to which we allude, of about one hundred and fifty-seven thousand.

Microstructure and properties of CoCr alloys used in prosthetics procedure

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (89) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
A. Ziębowicz ◽  
A. Woźniak ◽  
B. Ziębowicz ◽  
M. Adamiak ◽  
P. Boryło
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Research ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Laser Sintering ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Direct Metal Laser Sintering ◽  
Casting Technology ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Corrosion Pitting ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose: The aim of this work was to define the influence of manufacturing technology on the chemical composition, surface topography, physicochemical and electrochemical properties of CoCr alloys obtained by casting technology and Direct Metal Laser Sintering. Design/methodology/approach: This work presents microstructural and chemical compositions obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). Additionally, corrosion pitting analysis and roughness measurement were conducted on the samples. Findings: On the basis of the investigations, it can be stated that the prosthetic restorations are different depending on the type manufacturing technology. Based on the obtained results it was found that the structures of both materials are chemically inhomogeneous. The investigated alloy exhibited similar polarization curve character. Practical implications: The rapid prototyping methods are a new technology used for getting details e.g. by CAD/CAM procedure. Using Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) method can simplify the technology of producing prosthetics restrictions and is an alternate way for standard casting technology. Originality/value: The paper presents comparative research of two Co-Cr alloys, from which the samples were obtained in conventional casting and DMLS technology.

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