Multiple infiltration and cross-species transmission of foamy viruses across Paleozoic to Cenozoic era

Foamy viruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses that can infect humans and other animals. In this study, by integrating transcriptomic and genomic data, we discovered 412 FVs from 6 lineages in amphibians, which significantly increased the known set of FVs in amphibians. Among these lineages, salamander FVs maintained a co-evolutionary pattern with their hosts that could be dated back to the Paleozoic era, while, on the contrary, frog FVs were much more likely acquired from cross-species (class level) transmission in the Cenozoic era. In addition, we found three distinct FV lineages had integrated into the genome of a salamander. Unexpectedly, we identified a lineage of endogenous FV in caecilian expressed all complete major genes, demonstrating the potential existence of exogenous form of FV outside of mammals. Our discovery of rare phenomena in amphibian FVs has significantly increased our understanding of the macroevolution of the complex retrovirus. Importance Foamy viruses (FVs) represent, more so than other viruses, the best model of co-evolution between a virus and a host. This study represents so far, the largest investigation of amphibian FVs and revealed 412 FVs of 6 distinct lineages from three major orders of amphibians. Besides co-evolutionary pattern, cross-species and repeated infection were also observed during evolution of amphibian FVs. Remarkably, expressed FVs including a potential exogenous form were discovered, suggesting active FVs could be underestimated in nature. These findings revealed the multiple origin and complex evolution of amphibian FVs started from the Paleozoic era.

Development of Forest Shelterbelts Considering Statistical Forecasts Modelling of Local Weather

This work aims to study the effect of high temperatures and phytopathogenic bacteria on different types of trees in the forest shelterbelts. Therefore, in 2018, 17 tree species were studied from 50 sample sites in the Moscow oblast (Russia). Leaf scorching, diseases caused by phytopathogenic bacteria, and heat damage to the crowns were examined in 5224 tree species. Based on the degree of crown damage, the studied tree species were divided into four classes. It was found that the heat damage to tree crowns was identical between the three sampling aspects (correlation coefficient 0.99). The plant species composition must be considered when developing forest shelterbelts. A long-term forecast on structural changes of planted areas is possible, considering the species composition and climatic characteristics of the region. Class 5 includes only chestnut; class 4 includes three species; class 3 is represented by seven species. Class 2, includes six species, and is the most suitable in developing forest plantations. No tree species in class 1 were found (trees with no damage). There is a connection between pathologies and heat injuries in trees from classes 4 to 5 (correlation 0.89).

Fauna, ecology and taxonomy of helminths of cypriniformes fish water bodies of Uzbekistan

Due to intensive human activities related to the use of water resources, has undergone substantial qualitative and quantitative changes of biocenosis and the fish community. This inevitably arise parasitic fish diseases that lead to a decrease in the number of valuable species and the deterioration of the epizootic situation reservoirs. Fauna of parasitic worms of Cypriniformes ponds diverse river of the Syrdarya shown 49 species. 18 species belongs to the class Trematoda, Cestoda class represented by 13 species, class Acanthocephala - 4, and the class Nematoda - 14. Analysis of biological properties and ecological of specialty parasitic worms Cypriniformes allows three types of communities: helminths (25 species), parasitizing Cypriniformes as definitive hosts; helminths (19 species), parasitizing Cypriniformes as intermediate hosts; - helminths (6 species), parasitizing Cypriniformes as a reservoir (=paratenetic) hosts.

Multiple infiltration and cross-species transmission of foamy viruses across Paleozoic to Cenozoic era

Foamy viruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses that can infect humans and other animals. In this study, by integrating transcriptomic and genomic data, we discovered 412 FVs from 6 lineages in amphibians, which significantly increased the known set of FVs in amphibians. Among these lineages, salamander FVs maintained a co-evolutionary pattern with their hosts that could be dated back to the Paleozoic era, while, on the contrary, frog FVs were much more likely acquired from cross-species (class level) transmission in the Cenozoic era. In addition, we found three distinct FV lineages had integrated into the genome of a salamander. Unexpectedly, we identified a potential exogenous form of FV circulated in caecilian, demonstrating the existence of exogenous form of FV besides mammals. Our discovery of rare phenomena in amphibian FVs has overturned our collective understanding of the macroevolution of the complex retrovirus.ImportanceFoamy viruses (FVs) represent, more so than other viruses, the best model of co-evolution between a virus and a host. This study represents so far, the largest investigation of amphibian FVs and revealed 412 FVs of 6 distinct lineages from three major orders of amphibians. Besides co-evolutionary pattern, cross-species and repeated infection were also observed during evolution of amphibian FVs. Remarkably, expressed FVs including a potential exogenous form were discovered, suggesting live FVs could be underestimated in nature. These findings revealed the multiple origin and complex evolution of amphibian FVs started from the Paleozoic era.

MHC class I and II genes in Serpentes

Genes of the major class I and II histocompatibility complex have been extensively studied in mammals. Studies of these antigens in reptiles are very scarce. Here we describe the characteristics of these genes in the suborder Serpentes. We identified the presence of a much larger number of molecules of class I and beta chains of class II than found in mammals. Snakes only have one gene for the class II alpha chain. In these species, class I genes can be classified into two types. Approximately half of the genes lack 10 amino acids in the α1 domain, producing a structural alteration in the interaction region with the T lymphocyte receptor. In the genome of Thamnophis elegans, two haplotypes of an individual were studied revealing a different number and location of class I genes between these haplotypes. The results indicate that in these species, the diversity in the MHC is generated by the presence or absence of genes, independent of the presence of alleles.

Moluska Benthik di Perairan Lima Muara Sungai Kawasan Teluk Lamong, Surabaya, Jawa Timur

Observation on mollusk on five estuary of Lamong Bay waters was conducted on June and October 2005. The aim of this study was to determine condition and community structure of molluscs living in those areas. Samples were collected using Eckmann grab and sieved through 0.5 mm mesh-sized. The number of mollusk species was 21 species, consist of 8 species class of Gastropoda and 13 species class of Bivalvia. A diversity index (H) ranged 0.802 to 1.028, an evenness index (J) was 0.923 to 1 and a richness index (D) was 15.126 to 20.959. In which Tellina palatum (Tellinidae) and Placemen calophyla (Veneridae) class of Bivalvia relatively wide distributed. In generally, this result showed that five estuary of Lamong Bay waters has a relatively low molluscs diversity.

Preliminary checklist of marine mollusks from Beyt Dwarka, Gulf Of Kutch (eco-sensitive zone), Gujarat, India

Correction: On 05/06/2016 The spelling of the first author's name was changed from "Biren B Soni" to "Hiren B Soni".The preliminary investigation of marine mollusks of Beyt Dwarka was carried out to prepare a checklist at the island of Beyt Dwarka, Gulf of Kachchh (Eco-sensitive Zone), Okhamandal Taluka, Jamnagar District, Gujarat, India. The rapid ecological assessment revealed the occurrence of 82 species of mollusks, belonging to 61 genera, 32 families, 9 orders, and 3 classes (including uncommon / rare species). Of the reported species, Class Bivalvia was represented by 5 orders, 8 families, and 20 species, followed by 4 orders of Gastropoda distributed in 23 families and 60 species, and only 1 order (Scaphopoda) with 1 family and 2 species. Of 82 species, 67 species were common throughout the study period (October 2013 to February 2014), whereas 15 species were designated as uncommon or rare therein. The overall ratio of Order, Family and Species of recorded molluscan taxa was found to be 3.00: 3.56: 2.56. From the present survey, it was observed that the study area (Beyt Dwarka) is endowed with rich diversity of marine mollusks prevailed therein. Therefore, it should be declared as “Sanctum sanctorum” by employing grassroots efforts involving local inhabitants with the help of forest officials suggesting site-specific conservation and management strategies.International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 243-255