Continual learning classification method with single-label memory cells based on the intelligent mechanism of the biological immune system

The traditional batch learning classification methods need to obtain all kinds of data once before training. This makes them unable to recognize the data from the unseen types and cannot continuously enhance their classification ability through learning the testing data in the testing process, because they lack continual learning ability. Inspired by the continual learning mechanism of the biological immune system (BIS), this paper proposed a continual learning classification method with single-label memory cells (S-CLCM). The type of testing data is identified by memory cells, and the data type from unseen types is determined by an affinity threshold. New memory cells are cultivated continuously by learning the testing data to enhance S-CLCM’s classification ability gradually. Every memory cell has the same size and a unique type. It becomes a standard batch learning classification method or a standard clustering method under certain conditions. Take the experiments on twenty benchmark datasets to estimate its classification performance and possible superiority. Results show S-CLCM has good performance when it becomes a standard batch learning classification method, and S-CLCM is superior to the other classical classification algorithms when the data from unseen types or new labeled data appear during the testing process. It can improve the classification accuracy by up to 33%, and by at least 14%.

An adaptive behavioral immune system: a model of population health behavior

The understanding that immunity could be strengthened in the general population (e.g., through vaccine interventions) supported global advances upon acute infectious disease epidemics in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. However, in the twenty-first century, global populations face chronic disease epidemics. Research demonstrates that diseases largely emerge from health risk behavior. The understanding of how health behavior, like the biological immune system, can be strengthened in the general population, could support advances in the twenty-first century. To consider how health behavior can be strengthened in the general population, the authors present a theoretical model of population health behavior. The model operationalizes health behavior as a system of functions that, like the biological immune system, exists in each member of the population. Constructs are presented that operationalize the specific decisions and habits that drive health behavior and behavior change in the general population. The constructs allow the authors to present parallels (1) among existing behavior change theories and (2) between the proposed system and the biological immune system. Through these parallels, the authors introduce a model and a logic of population-level health behavior change. The Adaptive Behavioral Immune System is an integrative model of population health behavior.

Preregistered Direct Replication of “Sick Body, Vigilant Mind: The Biological Immune System Activates the Behavioral Immune System”

The tendency to attend to and avoid cues to pathogens varies across individuals and contexts. Researchers have proposed that this variation is partially driven by immunological vulnerability to infection, though support for this hypothesis is equivocal. One key piece of evidence (Miller & Maner, 2011) shows that participants who have recently been ill—and hence may have a reduced ability to combat subsequent infection—allocate more attention to faces with infectious-disease cues than do participants who have not recently been ill. The current article describes a direct replication of this study using a sample of 402 individuals from the University of Michigan, the University of Glasgow, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam—more than 4 times the sample size of the original study. No effect of illness recency on attentional bias for disfigured faces emerged. Though it did not support the original finding, this replication provides suggestions for future research on the psychological underpinnings of pathogen avoidance.

Preregistered replication of “Sick body, vigilant mind: The biological immune system activates the behavioral immune system”

The tendency to attend to and avoid cues to pathogens varies across individuals and contexts. Researchers have proposed that this variation is partially driven by immunological vulnerability to infection, though support for this hypothesis is equivocal. One key piece of evidence finds that recently ill participants – who may have a reduced ability to combat subsequent infection – allocate more attention to faces with infectious disease cues than do participants who have not recently been ill. The current manuscript reports a direct replication of this study using a sample of 402 individuals from the University of Michigan, the University of Glasgow, and VU Amsterdam – over four times the sample size of the original study. No effect of illness recency on attentional bias for disfigured faces emerged. Though not supporting the original finding, this replication provides suggestions for future directions for research on the psychological underpinnings of pathogen avoidance.

The Role of Age and Gender in Perceived Vulnerability to Infectious Diseases

Background: The study of the immune system has been approached using two separate paths, the biological immune system and the behavioral immune system. Recently, Gangestad and Grebe proposed a unique integrated compensatory immune system, where both systems work together and one of them could compensate for the other when necessary. However, few studies have confirmed the existence of this integrated compensatory immune system. Our study represents an attempt to explore the existence of this unique immune system, investigating if the behavioral immune system variables increase when the biological immune system weakens with age. Material and Methods. The cross-sectional design study was made up of a final sample of 1108 participants (45.2% men and 54.2 women) aged 18–64 years. The younger group (18–21 years) was made up of students, whilst the older groups (22 to 64 years) were composed by their relatives and acquaintances, following the snow ball process. The participants completed the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire that assesses perceived infectability and germ aversion. Correlations, analyses of variance (ANOVAs), and independent group comparisons were performed. These analyses showed the relationships between the variables studied, the effects of age and gender in perceived infectability and germ aversion, and the differences that perceived infectability and germ aversion presented in different age-groups separated by gender. Results: A pattern emerged where germ aversion increases as both men and women get older, but perceived infectability decreases up to the age of 50, and then it increases in women from that age onward. Gender differences are only significant in younger participants, with women having higher scores than men in both variables. Conclusion: The results partially support the existence of a unique integrated compensatory biological/behavioral immune system.

General audience summary for paper titled An Immune System Inspired Theory of Crime and Violence in Cities

Crime is analogous to a pathogenic infection and the policeresponse to it is similar to an immune response. Moreover, the biological immune system is also engaged in an arms race with pathogens. These analogies enable an immune systeminspired theory of crime and violence in human societies, especially in large agglomerations like cities.An immune system inspired theory of crime can provide a new perspective on the dynamics of violence in societies. The competitive dynamics between police and criminals hassimilarities to how the immune system is involved in an arms race with invading pathogens. Cities have properties similar to biological organisms - the police and military forces wouldbe the immune system that protects against invading internal and external forces.The arms race between immune system and pathogens is similar to the competitive dynamics between police and criminals. Cities have properties similar to biological organisms and in this theory the police and military would be the immune system that protects against bothinternal and external forces.

TWO-CLASSIFICATION ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM

In the article the practical aspect of application of principles of biological immune system for solving the problem of analysis and classification of email is viewed. In the capacity of analyzed emails ordinary emails (electronic mail) and mails from closed systems (electronic document flow or business management systems) were taken. In the article two-classification artificial immune system was developed with further comparison of effectiveness of their usage with naive Bayesian classification algorithm. Practical realization of the developed system with the application in the system of analysis of emails of the commercial structure is carried out.