Increasing workers comfort: experiment of the effect of color and lighting in assembly manufacture

Color and light are the main factors in the car manufacturing industry, with not much research, conducted on this topic, related to employee physical comfort. The factor affecting employee work comfort is the color factor and lighting time in their workplace environment. Color is the light, reflected by an object, then interpreted by the eye based on the light that hits the object. The value of the color wavelength in the spectrum of 380 nm to780 nm impacts worker performance. Good lighting will affect whether or not the room’s light conditions affect the illumination’s value. A good working room condition will affect the physical comfort of employees. Employee physical comfort has developed in many previous studies. However, research on the configuration of colors and lighting in the manufacturing industry’s work environment is still underdeveloped. This research aims to measure and determine the impact of color and lighting at specific color wavelengths on the illumination value and the employee’s physical comfort. It starts with studying the color, light, human comfort, then examines the effect on the manufacturing industry employees’ performance in the wiring installation assembly industry. Color and light settings are proven essential to get better human comfort. Green color with a wavelength of 490 nm to 570 can increase the highest illuminate average lux value of 12.43 %. Yellow can increase the heart rate by 4.85 %, while green can reduce Diastole by 2.95 % and Systole by 1.29 %. Pupillary size changes L by 23.17 % and R by 21.43 %. The effect of green color and lighting time can increase the value of illumination and decrease heart rate, blood pressure, and pupil size so that it impacts the physical comfort of employees.

Validation of quantitative pupillometry, for neuroprognostication in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): NovoNordisk Foundation grant Background/Introduction Quantitative pupillometry is being recommended as part of a multimodal approach to the bedside armamentarium, for obtaining prognostic information in post-cardiac arrest management. However, recent guidelines are still based on limited evidence, and lack of knowledge about the variability of pupillary measurements may impair clinical usefulness. Purpose To assess precision and accuracy of quantitative pupillometry to validate its clinical use in neuroprognostication. Methods We conducted a prospective blinded validation study, based on repeated patient assessments in a cardiac intensive care unit. Each assessment was made by two trained staff nurses and consisted of one manual and one quantitative pupillometry each, performed on the same patient within 2 minutes. Data from each measurement was stored in the pupillometers head guard, blinded to the other observer. To investigate inter-observer variation (precision), the repeated measures of pupillary size (both quantitative and manual individually) were compared, and for accuracy by comparing quantitative with manual assessment. Further we assessed the variation in neurological pupil index (NPi), a scalar value (between 0 and 5) calculated from an algorithm comprising several measured pupillary variables. Bland–Altman analysis was performed with mean difference between the two methods of measurement and 95% limits of agreement (LoA), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) assessed for absolute agreement between the methods. Results A total of 56 measurements (left and right eye) were included in this study. Fifty-seven percent were male, with a mean age of 65 years (SD 14). Out of hospital cardiac arrest constituted 57 %, and 65 % of the measurements were made, while patients were sedated. The 30-day mortality of this population was 50 %. Bland-Altman analysis showed mean inter-observer differences equal to -0.14 mm (LoA: 0.71, -1.00) for pupillary size measured by manual pupillometry, and 0.03 mm (LoA: 0.36, -0.31) for pupillary size measured by quantitative pupillometry. Mean pupillary size by automated pupillometry and manual assessment, was 2.28 mm (SD 0.84) and 2.22 mm (SD 0.84) respectively, with significant correlation between manual and quantitative pupillometry (R = 0.84, p < 0.001; ICC 0.83). Mean inter-observer differences for NPi measured by quantitative pupillometry was -0.02 (LoA: 0.40, -0.43). Conclusion(s) Quantitative pupillometry has twice the precision in assessment of pupillary size compared with manual assessment. Both pupillary size and NPI may, however, still have a challenging reproducibility. Abstract Figure.

Changes in Anterior Chamber Angle and Pupillary Diameter after Implantation of a New Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lens

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the Eyecryl posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) on iridocorneal angle (ICA) parameters, anterior chamber depth (ACD), and pupillary size.Methods: The medical files of myopic patients who had implantation of the Eyecryl posterior chamber pIOL were reviewed retrospectively. Trabecular-iris space area at 500 and 750μm (TISA500, TISA750), angle opening distances at 500 and 750μm (AOD500, AOD750), anterior chamber depth (ACD), iridocorneal angle (ICA), and pupil diameter under different illumination conditions were analyzed preoperatively, and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively.Results: Ninety-three eyes of 48 patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 31.63 ±4.95 years (range, 21-54). The mean ICA decreased from 49.97° ± 6.33 before surgery to 30.75° ± 5.86 and 30.79° ± 5.74 at 1 and 3 months after surgery, respectively. The mean ACD was reduced from 3.23 ± 0.22 mm before surgery to 2.55 ± 0.34 mm and 2.46 ± 0.28 mm at 1 and 3 months after surgery, respectively. TISA500, TISA750, AOD500, and AOD750 were also reduced significantly after surgery. The mean pupil size under photopic, mesopic and scotopic illuminations decreased insignificantly by 1 month and continued to decrease significantly by 3 months after surgery.Conclusion: The implantation of the Eyecryl posterior chamber pIOL in myopic patients caused significant changes in anterior chamber parameters including ICA, ACD, TISA 500, TISA 750, AOD 500, AOD 750, and the pupil diameter under different illumination conditions.

Effect of Topical Proparacaine 0.5% on Tropicamide- Induced Mydriasis

Purpose: The topical anesthetic proparacaine (0.5%) is recommended to enhance the rate and magnitude of pupillary dilatation if it is instilled before mydriatic tropicamide. However there is scarcity of data supporting this. Therefore we conducted a study to analyze if preinstillation of topical proparacaine (0.5%) can potentiate the mydriatic efficacy of 0.8% tropicamide. Methods: The patients were divided into two groups for pupillary dilatation. The study group was given a drop 0.5% proparacaine before instilling one drop of tropicamide while the control group was given the tropicamide alone. The pupillary size was measured and recorded before the instillation of tropicamide at 0 min, 15 min, 30 min. The end point was taken as 6 mm pupillary size (clinically effective diameter). Results: There was a statistically significant difference in rate of pupillary diameter between the control and the study group. The rate of pupillary dilatation at 15min and 30 min was statistically significantly different between the control and study group. Conclusion: The study concluded that prior instillation of topical proparacaine produced a statistically significant difference in the rate of pupillary dilatation at 30 mins. Therefore, we suggest the use of a topical anesthetic before tropicamide induced mydriasis.

Establishing a Normative Database for Quantitative Pupillometry in the Pediatric Population

Background Pupillary evaluation is a crucial element of physical exams. Noting size, reactivity, and consensual response is critical in assessing for optic nerve dysfunction. We aim to establish normative data for scotopic pupillary size and function in the pediatric population in a clinical setting. Methods Pupillometry was obtained prospectively for consecutive, normal patients <18 years old being evaluated by Lurie Children’s Ophthalmology. Quantitative data included maximum (MAX) and minimum (MIN) diameters, constriction percentage (CON), latency (LAT), average (ACV) and maximum (MCV) constriction velocities, average dilation velocity (ADV), and 75% recovery time (T75). Iris color was noted as light, intermediate, or dark. Results 196 eyes of 101 participants (42.6% male, ages 1–17 years, average age 10.3 years) were analyzed. Mean MAX was 6.6 mm (5.1–8.1 mm 95% CI); MIN was 4.7 mm (3.1–6.1 mm 95% CI); CON was 30% (17–42% 95% CI); LAT was 230 milliseconds (160–300 ms 95% CI); ACV was 3.70 mm/sec (2.21–5.18 mm/sec 95% CI); and ADV was 0.88 mm/sec (0.38–1.38 mm/sec 95% CI). Age had a positive correlation with MAX, MIN, and CON. 84.2% and 95.8% of participants showed resting pupil asymmetry of ≤0.5 mm and ≤1.0 mm, respectively. Conclusions Quantitative pupillometry can be a useful tool for screening pediatric patients. We sought to establish normative data in this group. We found males to have significantly greater MCV and CON than females (p < 0.05). Also, age had a positive correlation with MAX, MIN, and CON.

Prepronociceptin expressing neurons in the extended amygdala encode and promote rapid arousal responses to motivationally salient stimuli

ABSTRACTMotivational states are complex and consist of cognitive, emotional, and physiological components controlled by a network across multiple brain regions. An integral component of this neural circuitry is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Here, we identified a subpopulation of neurons within BNST expressing the gene prepronociceptin (PnocBNST), that can modulate the rapid changes in physiological arousal that occur upon exposure to stimuli with motivational salience. Using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging we found that excitatory responses from individual PnocBNST neurons directly corresponded with rapid increases in pupillary size and occurred upon exposure to both aversive and rewarding odors. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of these neurons increased pupillary size, but did not alter approach/avoidance or locomotor behaviors. These findings suggest that excitatory responses in PnocBNST neurons encode rapid arousal responses irrespective of tested behaviors. Further histological, electrophysiological, and single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed that PnocBNST neurons are composed of genetically and anatomically identifiable subpopulations that can be further investigated. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a key role for a PnocBNST neuronal ensemble in encoding the rapid arousal responses that are triggered by motivational stimuli.

Establishing a Normative Database for Quantitative Pupillometry in the Pediatric Population

Background Pupillary evaluation is a crucial element of physical exams. Noting size, reactivity, and consensual response is critical in assessing for optic nerve dysfunction. We aim to establish normative data for scotopic pupillary size and function in the pediatric population in a clinical setting. Methods Pupillometry was obtained prospectively for consecutive, normal patients <18 years old being evaluated by Lurie Children’s Ophthalmology. Quantitative data included maximum (MAX) and minimum (MIN) diameters, constriction percentage (CON), latency (LAT), average (ACV) and maximum (MCV) constriction velocities, average dilation velocity (ADV), and 75% recovery time (T75). Iris color was noted as light, intermediate, or dark. Results 196 eyes of 101 participants (42.6% male, ages 1–17 years, average age 10.3 years) were analyzed. Mean MAX was 6.6 mm (5.1–8.1 mm 95% CI); MIN was 4.7 mm (3.1–6.1 mm 95% CI); CON was 30% (17–42% 95% CI); LAT was 230 milliseconds (160–300 ms 95% CI); ACV was 3.70 mm/sec (2.21–5.18 mm/sec 95% CI); and ADV was 0.88 mm/sec (0.38–1.38 mm/sec 95% CI). Age had a positive correlation with MAX, MIN, and CON. 84.2% and 95.8% of participants showed resting pupil asymmetry of ≤0.5 mm and ≤1.0 mm, respectively. Conclusions Quantitative pupillometry can be a useful tool for screening pediatric patients. We sought to establish normative data in this group. We found males to have significantly greater MCV and CON than females (p < 0.05). Also, age had a positive correlation with MAX, MIN, and CON. Keywords: Pupillometry; pupils; pediatric screening; normative