Development Approach Model for Automotive Headlights with Mixed Delivery Methodologies over APQP Backbone

Headlights’ development for the automotive industry is gaining a lot of volatility due to frequent changes in features, styling and design, hardware interfaces, and software upgrades required by the OEM, supplier, or new trends in regulations. Standard development models based on V-cycle compliant with CMMI are not responding with reactivity on constant changes. The article proposes an approach based on mixed development strategies over the different core domains with Lean, Scrum, Feature-Driven Development, and VDI to satisfy the APQP milestones, with a proposal of a canvas-type model, the rapid delivery of headlights is portrayed. The efficiency and effectiveness of the model are assessed based on the assumed number of changes for new high-end headlights, based on experience and real cases. A delivery baseline LED-based Headlight development—planned versus actual—chart is presented and explained.

Technology Standardization for Innovation: How Google Leverages an Open Digital Platform

The aim of this study is to investigate firms’ strategies for developing and diffusing technology standards while maintaining a consensus with competitors in their industry. We conducted a case study of information technology (IT) standardization and analysed how Google drives the development and diffusion of HTML5 standards. Accordingly, this study sheds light on two strategic initiatives and two relational practices of standard development and diffusion. Adopting the technologies developed by other firms and forming alliances with other browser vendors are key to influencing the standardization process. Additionally, by building partnerships with developer communities, Google has accelerated the development and diffusion of the HTML5 standards. The mechanisms behind Google’s standardization strategies are also discussed.

REPRESENTATION AND APPLICATION OF DIGITAL STANDARDS USING KNOWLEDGE GRAPHS

Standards are an important source of knowledge in product development. Due to the increasing digitization of the product development process, standard development organizations aim to develop machine-actionable standards that automatically enforce operations in output devices. However, the current representation format in PDF or XML does not meet the requirements of machine-actionable standards. This paper examines existing approaches towards the representation of XML data in knowledge graphs and their transferability towards the domain of digital standards. Based on these approaches, the paper aims to develop and validate a concept for transferring standard content from XML format to a graph-based representation, using the example of formulas. For this purpose, a concept for the automatic identification, extraction and modeling of formulas will be presented. Afterwards, the concept is validated using the example of DIN ISO 281 whereas a chatbot application serves as conversational user interface. It is proven, that knowledge graphs are suitable for the representation of machine-actionable standard content. Future work will investigate the abstraction towards a general approach as well as further information objects of standards.

NON-MEDICAL MASKS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR STANDARDS EDUCATION AND ONLINE DESIGN PROJECTS

While engineering students gain some experience in the use of codes and standards, some may not be exposed to the process used to develop standards, or the history of individual standards. A number of resources on standard development are available to instructors, and knowing the history of a standard will aid in understanding its potential limitations when used in design. This paper will outline how the process of developing standard test methods for non-medical masks during the COVID-19 pandemic can be used as a case study in design courses. Potential online projects and assignments related to testing of these masks are described, including considerations of material performance, comfort and functional fit, along with examples of analysis that students could perform. Sample fabric tests that use readily-available supplies to measure water resistance are described to illustrate how assignments and projects could be completed by studentsremotely in an online course.

National standard on heavyweight marine booms: development experience and general requirements

Основными средствами локализации нефтяных разливов в акваториях являются боновые заграждения. Несмотря на их повсеместное использование, в течение долгого времени отсутствовал национальный стандарт, регламентирующий требования к данному виду оборудования. Соответствующий стандарт - ГОСТ Р 58190-2018 - был введен в действие 1 апреля 2019 года. Основой для его создания стал нормативный документ ПАО «Транснефть», доработанный с учетом анализа зарубежного опыта нормирования требований к боновым заграждениям, опыта эксплуатации бонов морских тяжелых, состояния рынка данного вида оборудования, используемых материалов и технологий производства. ГОСТ Р 58190-2018 впервые определил боны морские тяжелые как отдельный класс боновых заграждений, установил и закрепил на национальном уровне требования к ним, что надо расценивать как важный шаг в обеспечении качества данного вида оборудования. В настоящей статье авторы, принимавшие участие в разработке стандарта, представляют анализ итогов разработки и рассматривают возникшие в связи с этим проблемные вопросы. Сформулированы рекомендации с целью повышения качества деятельности в области технического регулирования. Сделан вывод о целесообразности рассмотрения вопроса о создании в перспективе национального стандарта, определяющего основные типы боновых заграждений, требования к ним, рекомендации по применению. Опыт разработки ГОСТ Р 58190-2018 может быть распространен на другие виды оборудования и использован при разработке других национальных стандартов. The basic means for the containment of oil spills in water areas are booms. Despite its common usage, for a long period of time there were no national standard regulating the requirements to this kind of equipment. Such standard, GOST R 58190-2018, became effective on April 1, 2019. The basis for its establishment was Transneft PJSC reference document, which was revised with regard to the analysis of foreign experience in standardizing the requirements for booms, experience in operating heavyweight marine booms, the state of the market for such equipment, materials and production technologies used. GOST R 58190-2018 for the first time determined heavyweight marine booms as a separate group of defense booms, established and consolidated the requirements for such equipment effective on the national level. Within the present article the authors, who took part in the standard development, set forth the analysis of the development results and consider problems related to this issue. The authors present recommendations with the purpose of increasing the quality of measures taken in the field of technical regulation. The conclusion is made whether it is practical to consider the question of creating national standard, which defines basic types of defense booms in general, the requirements and application recommendations. The experience of developing GOST R 58190-2018 can also be applied to other types of equipment and used for the development of other national standards.

True and Fair Override: Accounting Expert Opinions, Explanations from Behavioural Theories, and Discussions for Sustainability Accounting

This study focuses on true and fair view (TFV) and fair presentation (FP) in financial statements. It questions if attitudes towards the true and fair override (TFO) condition, included in European Union (EU) legislation and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), is indicative of a principles-based approach or lip service to a concept that is rarely applied. We address this subject because we consider that there should be a consensus and harmonisation on TFV—that TFO has a vital role within the principles-based framework, and while the accounting standard development process should limit the application of the TFO concept, in practice, it is an important reporting option. TFV/TFO harmonisation also has an important role in sustainability accounting, to reveal company actions which are influenced by more than just the objective of complying with the standards. In the empirical part, accounting experts from 24 European countries were surveyed. Their responses suggest a lack of clarity around the distinction between TFV and FP and a reluctance to consider, in practice, the application of the TFO. Drawing on behavioural theories—ostrich effect and comfort theory—we find explanations and reasoning behind attitudes to these cornerstone concepts. Specifically, we try to explain behavioural attitudes to TFV/FP and TFO positions, which defend uncompromising compliance with standards.