Fabrication of Implantable Capsule-Type Channel Sounders for the High-Accuracy Measurement of the Signal Loss of Out-Body to In-Body Channels

This paper proposes a channel sounder to measure the channel properties of an implantable device that transmits data from inside to outside the human body. The proposed channel sounder measures the receiving power of a signal transmitted from outside the human body. The channel sounder is equipped with a Bluetooth module that enables the wireless transmission of the receiving power outside the human body. Wireless transmission enables the channel measurement by isolating the transmitter and receiver inside the channel sounder. Using the proposed channel sounder, the channel properties can be measured without any interference between the transmitter and the receiver.

Accuracy Assessment of the Network Real-Time Kinematic Techniques for Geodetic and Plane Coordinates

Virtual Reference Station (VRS), Master-Auxiliary Corrections (MAX) and Individualised Master-Auxiliary Corrections (IMAX) are among the Network Real-Time Kinematic (NRTK) techniques supported by Malaysia Real-Time Kinematic GNSS Network (MyRTKnet) in rendering network-based solution to users. However, different network corrections have different limitations due to different manufacturers hence offering varieties output. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the accuracy of VRS, MAX and IMAX for geodetic and plane coordinates. Three (3) techniques were implemented to observe points at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and cadastral lot in Johor Bahru. The results were analysed based on assessment with known values and baseline lengths. The findings showed that the accuracy of all techniques ranged from 0.16 to 3.61 cm (horizontal) and 2.86 to 6.20 cm (vertical) for geodetic coordinates. For plane coordinates, the values varied from 0.3 to 4.22 cm (horizontal) and 2.1 to 8.26 cm (vertical). IMAX provided the worst accuracy compared to others due to incompatibility of Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM) format. Moreover, the accuracy decreases as the baseline length between rover and reference station increases. In conclusion, VRS and MAX yielded acceptable accuracy and can be safely chosen rather than IMAX. Furthermore, the baseline length for applications involving high accuracy measurement should also be considered.

High-Accuracy 3D Optical Profilometry for Analysis of Surface Condition of Modern Circulated Coins

The article shows that noncontact measurement techniques can be an important support to X-ray-based methods when examining the surface condition of modern circulated coins. The forms and degrees of wear of such coins, affecting their utility values, qualifying them as a legal tender in a given country, can be measured and analyzed, among other things, using advanced high-accuracy optical profilometry methods. The authors presented four analyses carried out for reverses and obverses of round coins (1 zloty, 1 franc, 50 bani, 5 pens) characterized by different degrees of surface wear. All of the coins were measured using 3D optical profilometers (Talysurf CLI 2000 and S neox) representing two generations of these types of systems. The obtained results confirm the validity of the applied high-accuracy measurement systems in conjunction with dedicated software in the presented applications. Examples of the analyses carried out can be a significant source of information on the condition of coins in the context of maintaining their functional properties (selection of appropriate wear–resistant alloys and correctness of the production process).

High-accuracy measurement of radius using frequency-modulated technique for laser diode

This paper proposes a method for high-precision radius measurements. The proposed system uses a frequency-modulation technique to improve the accuracy of detecting cat’s eye and the confocal position of a lens. The distance between two points defined as the radius of a lens was measured by using a frequency-modulated Michelson interferometer. In the confocal part, when the tested lens was moved along the optical axis, the intensity at the detector reaches a maximum at the confocal and cat’s eye positions of the sphere. Synchronous detection technique is used to turn the intensity signal from the detector into an odd-symmetry signal through a zero point. These symmetry points coincide with cat’s eye and confocal positions and thus enhance the accuracy with which these two points are detected. A frequency-modulated Michelson interferometer is used to accurately measure the displacement when moving the test sphere between the confocal and cat’s eye points.

Data-Sets for Indoor Photovoltaic Behavior in Low Lighting Conditions

Analysis of voltage–current behavior of photovoltaic modules is a critical part of their modeling. Parameter identification of these models demands data from them, measured in realistic environments. In spite of advancement in modeling methodologies under solar lighting, few analyses have been focused on indoor photovoltaics. Lack of accurate and reproducible data as a major challenge in this field is addressed here. A high accuracy measurement setup for evaluation and analysis of indoor photovoltaic modules is explained. By use of this system, different modules are measured under diverse environmental conditions. These measurements are structured in data-sets that can be used for either analysis of physical environment effects and modeling or development of specific parameter identification methods in low light intensity conditions.