Tailoring Dissemination of Evidence to Preferences of Tobacco Control Partners: Results From an Academic-community Partnership

BackgroundTobacco control program leaders and their partners, who often present evidence to policymakers, can increase the use of evidence in program and policy development. However, up-to-date, evidence-based information from the scientific community about what works is slow to reach leaders. We describe efforts to understand and utilize tobacco control leaders’ preferences for receiving evidence and report on resulting dissemination strategies, translational products and outcomes.MethodsThis work is part of the Advancing Science and Practice in the Retail Environment (ASPiRE) Center, an interdisciplinary research center focused on understanding and evaluating tobacco retail policy. Participants were members of the ASPiRE Community Advisory Board (CAB), comprised of tobacco control leaders from 30 metropolitan areas representing all regions of the US plus nine representatives from leading national tobacco control organizations (N=39). During meetings in February 2019 and October 2020, all CAB members were invited to participate in live polls consisting of six survey questions each. Questions addressed preferences for receiving scientific evidence and their anticipated use of ASPiRE translational products. Responses were analyzed descriptively and informed translational product development and communications with ASPiRE contact list members (N»125). ASPiRE email and website interactions were tracked from March 2019 to May 2021 as a complementary indication of content use.ResultsResponse rates for 2019 and 2020 CAB meetings were 66% (n=26) and 59% (n=23), respectively. CAB members indicated preferences for email communication (33%) and webinars (31%), communications once per month (46%), and short-format documents (28%). In response, the team developed translational short-format products including case studies, fact sheets, and research briefs. On average, 52% (SD=14%) of recipients opened the newsletter and 17% (SD=9%) clicked a link within the newsletter. Overall, 95% of responding CAB members found the products useful and all responding CAB members reported using them to communicate evidence to policymakers, staff, and coalition members. ConclusionsOur successful dissemination approach to making evidence more accessible and useable for tobacco control leaders could be adapted by researchers working with community partners to assess and respond to stakeholders’ preferences for receiving evidence in other areas of health policy.

Cathepsin D in prawn reproductive system: its localization and function in actin degradation

Cathepsin D (CAT-D) is a well-known aspartic protease that serves a function as house-keeping lysosomal enzyme in all somatic cells. Its existence in reproductive tissues is highly variable, even in the somatic derived epithelial cells of reproductive tract. In Macrobrachium rosenbergii, existence of MrCAT-D and its translational product was detected in both somatic cells (Sertoli-like supporting cells) and developing spermatogenic cells as well as along accessory spermatic ducts. Specifically, MrCAT-D was localized onto the sperm surface rather than within the acrosomal matrix, as evident by similar staining pattern of anti-CAT-D on live and aldehyde fixed sperm. MrCAT-D in testicular extracts and sperm isolates showed active enzyme activities towards its specific fluorogenic substrate (MCA-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ile-Leu-Phe-Phe-Arg-Leu-Lys (Dnp)-D-Arg-NH2). MrCAT-D also exerted its function towards hydrolyzing filamentous actin, the meshwork of which is shown to be localized at the junction between germ cells and supporting cells and spermatogonia in M. rosenbergii testicular epithelium. Together, we have localized MrCAT-D transcript and its translational product in both supporting and germ cells of testis and claimed its enzymatic function towards actin degradation, which may be related to sperm release from the epithelial cell interaction.

Beyond the Book: The Periodical as an ‘Excavation Site’ for Translation Studies

The present study starts with a theoretical and methodological discussion in an effort to approach the periodical as a composite genre formed through a range of interacting discourses and networks including translations and translators. It traces the position and role of translation and translators within the broader makeup of the periodical and its metanarrative. In light of the framework outlined in the first part, the second part elaborates on a popular, long-lasting Turkish film magazine, Yıldız [Star] (1938-1954) as a translational product and institution. The analysis of a film magazine as a case study adds further layers to the study and allows for multidisciplinary cross-fertilization and dialogue across translation, periodical, and film studies. Siting Yıldız vis-à-vis the socio-cultural and political context of the era and a large network of relations, this part reveals the substantial contribution of the translational habitus of the magazine to the construction and maintenance of its “common habitus” (Bourdieu 273; Philpotts). It also becomes evident that translation does not only contribute to the formation of the heteroglossic structure of Yıldız but also plays a significant part in shaping its metanarrative, which is highly relevant to the Turkish experience of American modernity presented by classical Hollywood films and stardom. Keywords: translation history, periodical studies, film magazine, translational habitus, common habitus

The Cell-Specific Pattern of Cholecystokinin Peptides in Endocrine Cells Versus Neurons Is Governed by the Expression of Prohormone Convertases 1/3, 2, and 5/6

Most peptide hormone genes are, in addition to endocrine cells, also expressed in neurons. The peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is expressed in different molecular forms in cerebral neurons and intestinal endocrine cells. To understand this difference, we examined the roles of the neuroendocrine prohormone convertases (PC) 1/3, PC2, and PC5/6 by measurement of proCCK, processing intermediates and bioactive, α-amidated, and O-sulfated CCK peptides in cerebral and jejunal extracts of null mice, controls, and in the PC5/6-expressing SK-N-MC cell-line. In PC1/3 null mice, the synthesis of bioactive CCK peptide in the gut was reduced to 3% of the translational product, all of which was in the form of α-amidated and tyrosine O-sulfated CCK-22, whereas the neuronal synthesis in the brain was largely unaffected. This is opposite to the PC2 null mice in which only the cerebral synthesis was affected. SK-N-MC cells, which express neither PC1/3 nor PC2, synthesized alone the processing intermediate, glycine-extended CCK-22. Immunocytochemistry confirmed that intestinal endocrine CCK cells in wild-type mice express PC1/3 but not PC2. In contrast, cerebral CCK neurons contain PC2 and only little, if any, PC1/3. Taken together, the data indicate that PC1/3 governs the endocrine and PC2 the neuronal processing of proCCK, whereas PC5/6 contributes only to a modest endocrine synthesis of CCK-22. The results suggest that the different peptide patterns in the brain and the gut are due to different expression of PCs.

Pathogen-derived Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Transgenic Tomato and Tobacco Plants

This study was undertaken to remedy significant yield losses in commercial tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production caused by tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). One of the possible sources of resistance can be incorporation into the host plant of a viral nucleoprotein (N) gene by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Twelve primary transformants of tomato and 141 of tobacco were analyzed for the expression of the N gene and for resistance to the TSWV infection. The tests have demonstrated that transgenic plants were protected against virus infection irrespective of whether or not they contained detectable levels of the translational product.

Molecular cloning of a full-length cDNA and gene from Coffea arabica encoding a protein homologous to the yeast translation initiation factor SUI1: expression analysis in plant organs

A full-length cDNA (CaSUI1) was isolated from a Coffea arabica cDNA library from beans during maturation. Its putative translational product is highly homologous to the SUI1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which functions in concert with eIF2 and the initiator tRNA-Methionin in directing the ribosome to the proper start site of translation. The corresponding gene from coffee was also cloned and sequenced. Its organization is very similar to what observed for the same gene from rice (Oryza sativa) particularly regarding the position and length of its introns. The expression of CaSUI1 gene was also checked and showed that it was highly expressed in all coffee tissues analyzed, therefore confirming the essential role of the SUI1 protein in cell housekeeping functions.

Identification of the 2-Methylcitrate Pathway Involved in the Catabolism of Propionate in the Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Producing Strain Burkholderia sacchari IPT101T and Analysis of a Mutant Accumulating a Copolyester with Higher 3-Hydroxyvalerate Content

ABSTRACT Burkholderia sacchari IPT101T induced the formation of 2-methylcitrate synthase and 2-methylisocitrate lyase when it was cultivated in the presence of propionic acid. The prp locus of B. sacchari IPT101T is required for utilization of propionic acid as a sole carbon source and is relevant for incorporation of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) into copolyesters, and it was cloned and sequenced. Five genes (prpR, prpB, prpC, acnM, and ORF5) exhibited identity to genes located in the prp loci of other gram-negative bacteria. prpC encodes a 2-methylcitrate synthase with a calculated molecular mass of 42,691 Da. prpB encodes a 2-methylisocitrate lyase. The levels of PrpC and PrpB activity were much lower in propionate-negative mutant IPT189 obtained from IPT101T and were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The acnM gene (ORF4) and ORF5, which are required for conversion of 2-methylcitric acid to 2-methylisocitric acid in Ralstonia eutropha HF39, are also located in the prp locus. The translational product of ORF1 (prpR) had a calculated molecular mass of 70,598 Da and is a putative regulator of the prp cluster. Three additional open reading frames (ORF6, ORF7, and ORF8) whose functions are not known were located adjacent to ORF5 in the prp locus of B. sacchari, and these open reading frames have not been found in any other prp operon yet. In summary, the organization of the prp genes of B. sacchari is similar but not identical to the organization of these genes in other bacteria investigated recently. In addition, this study provided a rationale for the previously shown increased molar contents of 3HV in copolyesters accumulated by a B. sacchari mutant since it was revealed in this study that the mutant is defective in prpC.

Interlingual Encounter/Translation, Radical Translation and Cultural Politics

This paper tries to discern a space which is conceptually anterior to the practice and reception of interlingual translation, though it arguably has a determinative function with regard to both. It is argued that though theorists and practitioners have long been aware of this space it has seldom been adequately discussed. This space is tentatively designated as one of interlingual encounter and any effort to apprehend it entails an examination of the nuances of perceiving one language through another at any hypothetical point of contact rather than in the actual translational product or reading. Several theoretical generalisations about interlingual encounter which may have a bearing on interlingual translational activity are offered. Degrees of familiarity and competence are considered; the idealised nuances of Quine's notion of "radical translation" are examined; and the implicit cultural politics that is inevitably available in interlingual encounters is discussed. The paper concludes with the observation that interlingual encounters could provide the basis of a pragmatic re-examination of products of translation and of the theory of translation. Résumé Cet article tente de trouver un espace qui est conceptuellement antérieur à la pratique et à la réception de la traduction interlangues, bien que l'on puisse soutenir qu'il a une fonction déterminative à l'égard des deux. On avance que bien que des théoriciens et des praticiens ont depuis longtemps été conscients de cet espace, il a été rarement discuté de manière appropriée. Cet espace est provisoirement désigné comme rencontre interlangues, et tout effort pour l'appréhender comporte un examen des nuances dans la perception d'une langue par l'intermédiaire d'une autre à un point hypothétique de contact plutôt que dans le produit réel de la traduction ou de la lecture. Plusieurs généralisations théoriques à propos de la rencontre interlangues pouvant influencer l'activité de la traduction interlangues sont présentées. Les degrés de familiarité et de compétence sont pris en considération. Les nuances idéalisées de la notion de Quine de "traduction radicale" sont examinées et la politique culturelle implicite, inévitable dans ces rencontres interlangues est discutée. L'article conclut en faisant remarquer que les rencontres interlangues pourraient fournir la base d'un réexamen pragmatique des produits de la traduction et de la théorie de la traduction.