Prostaglandin F2 and EP2 Agonists Exert Different Effects on 3D 3T3-L1 Spheroids during Their Culture Phase

To elucidate the effects of switching a PGF2α agonist, bimatoprost acid (BIM-A), to an EP2 agonist (Omidenepag—OMD; butaprost—Buta) or reversing the switching on adipose tissue, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of 3T3-L1 cells were analyzed by lipid staining and according to the mRNA expression of adipogenesis-related genes (Pparγ, Ap2, and Leptin), components of the extracellular matrix (ECM; collagen1 (Col1), Col4, Col6, and fibronectin (Fn)), and the sizes and stiffness of the 3D spheroids. Switching from BIM-A to EP2 agonists caused (1) suppression of lipid staining and downregulation of most adipogenesis-related genes, (2) smaller and stiffer 3D spheroids, and (3) upregulation of Col1 and Fn, downregulation of Col4 (2D), or up-regulation of all ECM genes (3D, BIM-A to OMD), as well as downregulation of Col6 (3D, BIM-A to Buta). In contrast, reversing the switching resulted in (1) an enhancement in lipid staining (2D) and a significant upregulation of adipogenesis-related genes (2D, 3D Buta to BIM-A), (2) larger and slightly stiffer 3D spheroids, and (3) upregulation of Col1 and Fn (2D). These collective findings indicate that the switching orders of BIM-A and EP2 agonists have a significant effect on lipid metabolism, ECM expression, and the physical stiffness of 3T3-L1 cells.

Turdaş-Luncă. 2011 preventive campaign, Sector B. Feature 341-2. A ritual pit? Turdaş culture, phase III.

During the 2011 preventive research campaign, a clay statuette representing a woman giving birth was discovered – in a pit of the chronological and cultural horizon of Turdaş III. Its complex analysis is done in the rows below.

Artefak Batu Preneolitik Situs Leang Jarie: bukti teknologi Maros point tertua di kawasan budaya Toalean, Sulawesi Selatan

The Preneolithic Stone Artefact of Leang Jarie Site: The Oldest Evidence of Maros Point Technology in the Toalean Culture Region, South Sulawesi. Maros Point is one type of flake tool that shows characteristics of the techno-complex Toalean from South Sulawesi. Early emergence of the Toalean Culture phase is still debated, but most experts agree that this tool only appeared no more than 4000 years ago and is positioned include with pottery or Neolithic period. The Maros Point is considered to be made by the early occupants of Sulawesi after the arrival and contact with Austronesian speakers migration in South Sulawesi. The problem is that the results of the latest research are contrary to previous opinions. This paper aims to show new evidence of excavation at the Leang Jarie Site, as the oldest Maros Point technology ca. 8,000 years ago in the Toalean Cultural Region. Maros Point is made simpler with the support flake without using reduction pattern of flake-blade technology. Flakes with an asymmetrical shape can also be utilized as long as it have a pointed and thin tip. The "backed" retouched technique is also used to maximize flakes with steep sharp edges. Thus, the phase of Toalean Culture compiled by previous studies needs to be reviewed and the presence of Maros Points can no longer be used as a marker of the youngest phase. Maros Point is produced from the early holocene or Preneolithic Period and has possibility its continuation until Neolithic period.Maros Point adalah salah satu tipe alat serpih yang menunjukkan karakteristik teknokompleks budaya Toalean dari Sulawesi Selatan. Awal munculnya masih diperdebatkan. Namun, sebagian besar ahli sepakat bahwa alat ini baru muncul tidak lebih dari 4.000 tahun yang lalu dan diposisikan sekonteks dengan tembikar atau masa neolitik. Maros Point dianggap dibuat oleh penghuni awal Sulawesi setelah kedatangan dan kontak dengan migrasi penutur Austronesia di Sulawesi Selatan. Permasalahannya adalah hasil penelitian terbaru justru bertentangan dengan pendapat sebelumnya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan bukti baru dari penggalian di situs Leang Jarie, sebagai teknologi Maros Point paling tua berumur ca. 8.000 tahun lalu di kawasan budaya Toalean. Maros Point dari masa preneolitik dibuat lebih sederhana dengan dukungan serpih tanpa harus menggunakan pola penyerpihan teknologi serpih bilah. Serpih dengan bentuk yang tidak simetris pun dapat dimanfaatkan selama memiliki ujung runcing dan tipis. Teknik peretusan “dipunggungkan” juga digunakan untuk memaksimal serpih dengan tepian tajaman yang terjal. Dengan demikian, fase budaya Toalean yang disusun oleh penelitian sebelumnya perlu ditinjau ulang dan kehadiran Maros Point tidak bisa lagi dijadikan sebagai penanda fase paling muda. Maros Point diproduksi dari awal holosen atau preneolitik dan mungkin terus berlanjut hingga masa neolitik.

Introduction

This introduction presents a brief geologic overview of the Middle Cumberland River Valley of Tennessee. It describes the research interests that culminated in the creation of this volume and positions the volume within the overall context of Archaic shell-bearing site excavations in the Southeastern United States and the Shell Mound Archaic culture phase. The introduction further summarizes the prevailing theories as to the creation and function of Archaic shell-bearing sites which have been generated by research in other regions of the coastal and interior Southeast. Finally, it presents a short overview of the contributed chapters.

Pengaruh bahan pra-sterilan, tutup tabung kultur, dan musim terhadap tingkat kontaminasi eksplan pada kultur microcutting karet Effect of pre-sterilization agent, culture tube closure, and season on the contamination level of rubber microcutting culture

Microbial contamination is a major obstaclein clonal propagation of hevea (Heveabrasiliensis) through microcutting technology;therefore the ability to reduce contamination willdetermine the success of the application of thistechnology. The aim of experiments was toincrease healthy and survived plantlets by testingpre-sterilization agents for cleaning explantsduring pre-sterilization step, culture tubeclosures suitable for explants growth and anappropriate time for introducing explants at theprimary culture phase. The pre-sterilizationagents tested were aganol, alcohol anddesogerme, the culture tube closures used wereparafilm and cotton, and the time for culturingexplants were determined by using rubbergenotypes introduced during the year of 2006 and2007. The results show that desogermedecreased significantly the level of explantcontamination compared to aganol and alcohol,meanwhile the type of culture tube closure didnot affect the level of explant contamination. Thetype of culture tube closure influencedsignificantly the survival of explants where thenumber of survived explants in culture tubescovered with cotton was higher than that of withparafilm. Season also affected the contaminationfrequency of the explants. Higher number ofhealthy plantlets were obtained whenintroduction of the explants were conducted fromJune to October considered as dry season inBogor compared to introduction of the explantsduring rainy season from January to May.Different genotypes of rubber introduced at theprimary culture phase did not affect thepercentage of explant contamination.AbstrakKontaminasi oleh mikroba merupakanmasalah utama pada perbanyakan klonal tanamankaret (Hevea brasiliensis) melalui teknologimicrocutting sehingga kemampuan mengurangikontaminasi menentukan keberhasilan aplikasiteknologi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuanmempelajari pengaruh jenis bahan pra-sterilanyang efektif untuk pencucian eksplan tahap pra-sterilisasi, mempelajari pengaruh tutup tabungterhadap perkembangan eksplan serta meng-identifikasi waktu yang tepat untuk melaksanakanintroduksi eksplan pada tahap kultur primer(kultur awal) sehingga jumlah eksplan sehat dantumbuh dapat ditingkatkan. Bahan pra- sterilanyang diuji adalah aganol, alkohol dan desogerme,tutup tabung yang digunakan adalah parafilm dankapas, sedangkan identifikasi waktu kulturdilakukan melalui introduksi eksplan sepanjang tahun 2006 dan 2007 terhadap berbagai genotipetanaman karet yang tersedia. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa desogerme menurunkansecara nyata tingkat kontaminasi eksplandibandingkan dengan aganol dan alkohol,sedangkan jenis tutup tabung tidak berpengaruhterhadap persentase kontaminasi. Jenis tutuptabung berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadappersentase eksplan yang hidup dan membentuktunas, di mana persentase eksplan membentuktunas pada tabung dengan tutup kapas lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan tutup parafilm. Musim jugasangat mempengaruhi tingkat kontaminasieksplan. Eksplan sehat jauh lebih banyakdiperoleh apabila penanaman eksplan dilakukanpada bulan Juni sampai Oktober, yang merupakanmusim kemarau di Bogor dibandingkan denganintroduksi eksplan pada bulan Januari sampaiMei, yang merupakan musim hujan. Jenisgenotipe yang ditanam pada tahap kultur primertidak berpengaruh terhadap persentasekontaminasi.

Pengaruh bahan pra-sterilan, tutup tabung kultur, dan musim terhadap tingkat kontaminasi eksplan pada kultur microcutting karet Effect of pre-sterilization agent, culture tube closure, and season on the contamination level of rubber microcutting culture

Microbial contamination is a major obstaclein clonal propagation of hevea (Heveabrasiliensis) through microcutting technology;therefore the ability to reduce contamination willdetermine the success of the application of thistechnology. The aim of experiments was toincrease healthy and survived plantlets by testingpre-sterilization agents for cleaning explantsduring pre-sterilization step, culture tubeclosures suitable for explants growth and anappropriate time for introducing explants at theprimary culture phase. The pre-sterilizationagents tested were aganol, alcohol anddesogerme, the culture tube closures used wereparafilm and cotton, and the time for culturingexplants were determined by using rubbergenotypes introduced during the year of 2006 and2007. The results show that desogermedecreased significantly the level of explantcontamination compared to aganol and alcohol,meanwhile the type of culture tube closure didnot affect the level of explant contamination. Thetype of culture tube closure influencedsignificantly the survival of explants where thenumber of survived explants in culture tubescovered with cotton was higher than that of withparafilm. Season also affected the contaminationfrequency of the explants. Higher number ofhealthy plantlets were obtained whenintroduction of the explants were conducted fromJune to October considered as dry season inBogor compared to introduction of the explantsduring rainy season from January to May.Different genotypes of rubber introduced at theprimary culture phase did not affect thepercentage of explant contamination.AbstrakKontaminasi oleh mikroba merupakanmasalah utama pada perbanyakan klonal tanamankaret (Hevea brasiliensis) melalui teknologimicrocutting sehingga kemampuan mengurangikontaminasi menentukan keberhasilan aplikasiteknologi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuanmempelajari pengaruh jenis bahan pra-sterilanyang efektif untuk pencucian eksplan tahap pra-sterilisasi, mempelajari pengaruh tutup tabungterhadap perkembangan eksplan serta meng-identifikasi waktu yang tepat untuk melaksanakanintroduksi eksplan pada tahap kultur primer(kultur awal) sehingga jumlah eksplan sehat dantumbuh dapat ditingkatkan. Bahan pra- sterilanyang diuji adalah aganol, alkohol dan desogerme,tutup tabung yang digunakan adalah parafilm dankapas, sedangkan identifikasi waktu kulturdilakukan melalui introduksi eksplan sepanjang tahun 2006 dan 2007 terhadap berbagai genotipetanaman karet yang tersedia. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa desogerme menurunkansecara nyata tingkat kontaminasi eksplandibandingkan dengan aganol dan alkohol,sedangkan jenis tutup tabung tidak berpengaruhterhadap persentase kontaminasi. Jenis tutuptabung berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadappersentase eksplan yang hidup dan membentuktunas, di mana persentase eksplan membentuktunas pada tabung dengan tutup kapas lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan tutup parafilm. Musim jugasangat mempengaruhi tingkat kontaminasieksplan. Eksplan sehat jauh lebih banyakdiperoleh apabila penanaman eksplan dilakukanpada bulan Juni sampai Oktober, yang merupakanmusim kemarau di Bogor dibandingkan denganintroduksi eksplan pada bulan Januari sampaiMei, yang merupakan musim hujan. Jenisgenotipe yang ditanam pada tahap kultur primertidak berpengaruh terhadap persentasekontaminasi.

Investigations of Late Vinca house 1/2010 at Crkvine in Stubline

The Crkvine site is situated around 40 km southwest of Belgrade (Serbia) in the vicinity of the village of Stubline, in the borough of Obrenovac. Extensive geophysical investigations were carried out during the 2010 campaign and, based on the results, we started investigations of the Late Vinca house 01/2010. The following comprehensive report details the method of construction and organisation of life in that house, which dates from the Vinca culture phase D. The house was very well preserved and we paid special attention to two large ovens inside the house as well as to some interesting portable finds (a clay table, a clay millstone structure and three large clay heads).