Two-pronged kill mechanism at the end-Triassic mass extinction

High-resolution biomarker and compound-specific isotope distributions coupled with the degradation of calcareous fossil remnants reveal that intensive euxinia and decalcification (acidification) driven by Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) activity formed a two-pronged kill mechanism at the end-Triassic mass extinction. In a newly proposed extinction interval for the basal Blue Lias Formation (Bristol Channel Basin, UK), biomarker distributions reveal an episode of persistent photic zone euxinia (PZE) that extended further upward into the surface waters. In the same interval, shelly taxa almost completely disappear. Beginning in the basal paper shales of the Blue Lias Formation, a Lilliput assemblage is preserved consisting of only rare calcitic oysters (Liostrea) and ghost fossils of decalcified aragonitic bivalves. The stressors of PZE and decalcification parsimoniously explain the extinction event and inform possible combined causes of other biotic crises linked to emplacement of large igneous provinces, notably the end-Permian mass extinction, when PZE occurred on a broad and perhaps global scale.

Anthem Creation for a New Nation (Intermediate)

Politics can be a tricky subject to navigate in the classroom. In the project described in this chapter, students create a fictional country and national anthem that encapsulates the political views of a fictional new nation. Students have the opportunity to be creative and critical thinkers without the fear of backlash for sharing ideas. Essentially, students are shown the concept of programmatic music and how certain musical elements can conjure extramusical ideas. This project is designed for students in a high school computer-based music production class. It is intended to be completed in pairs, but the teacher may adjust this arrangement depending on the culture of the classroom. This project could also serve as a great music camp activity.

The Development of Environmental Recreation Camp Activities for Youth in Roi-Et Province of Thailand

This research aims to develop the environmental recreation camp activity for youth in Roi-Et province of Thailand, to compare environmental knowledge, environmental attitudes before and after participating in the camp, as will as their participating in Environment Recreation camp activities during and after participating in the camp of youths with different gender and domicile, and to study the relationship between environmental knowledge, environmental attitudes and participation in environmental recreation camp activities. The data were collected though a survey with 40 youths from Phanom Phrai Wittayakarn School, Phanom Phrai District, Roi-Et Province. The research instruments was the manuals questionnaire measuring environmental knowledge, environmental attitudes and participation in environmental recreation camp activity. The data were analysed by using descriptive statistic and hypothesis testing by using t-test, One-way MANCOVA, One-way ANOVA and Correlation analysis. The results of this research indicated as below Environment Recreation Camp Activities for Youth in Roi-Et Province had effectively is 85.17/83.44 and an effectiveness index is 0.6117. After participating in environment recreation camp activities, youths had higher environmental knowledge and environmental attitudes than before participating in the camp. After participating in environment recreation camp activities, youth had higher participation in environment recreation camp activities than during participating in camp. The sample youths with different gender and domicile had no different environmental knowledge, environmental attitudes, and environmental participation. Environmental knowledge, environmental attitudes, and participation in environmental recreation camp activities were not correlated.

Radiocarbon Chronology with Marine Reservoir Correction for the Ritidian Archaeological Site, Northern Guam

Archaeological investigations at the Ritidian site in Guam provide a series of radiocarbon dates spanning the potential range of human presence in the region. Paired marine and terrestrial samples offer a basis for ΔR calculation, as well as evaluation of the utility of different types of marine samples for 14C dating of archaeological contexts. The results indicate an early period of temporary fishing camp activity in the context of higher sea level and little or no stable beach, followed by larger-scale residential activity in the context of lower sea level and an extensive stable beach landform.