A large quantity of steel balls automatic precise counting device based on dual sensor auto-correcting method

A large quantity of Steel Balls Automatic precise Counting device is introduced in this paper. Inductance sensors are used for ball detection and STC15F2K60S2 microprocessor is used to do the signal processing. When steel balls are sent to the PVC pipe at the same time, some balls will connect together because of the collision. The sensor will send a connected signal instead of multiple signals if it meets the connected balls. This could cause counting mistake of the device. A correction method is used to solve this problem. The device setup angle could be gotten by using dual sensors to get the average moving speed of the steel balls according to the fixed relations between the setup angle and the speed, which is not affected by whether the steel balls overlap or not because it used two voltage Jump edge to judge the start and end moment of timer. After that, the device setup angle is used to get the standard moving time to single sensor according to the known function relationship. The counting numbers are corrected by using the standard duration to compare with each recording low voltage duration passing single sensor. This method solves the counting mistake problem when a lot of steel balls are pushed into the PVC pipe together. The device improves the efficiency and accuracy of the ball counting.

Voltage Jump Suppression and Capacitor Voltage Fluctuation Analysis for a Four-Level Hybrid Flying Capacitor T-Type Converter

In low and medium voltage power conversion systems, multilevel converters are becoming more and more attractive due to improved power density. However, the complexity of topology and control is a big challenge for the application of multilevel converters. In this paper, a four-level (4L) hybrid flying capacitor (FC) T-type converter has been researched in detail. The topological advantage of the converter is displayed in comparison to existing four-level converters. According to the feature of the topology, the operating status has been analyzed and the reason for the voltage jump is researched in detail during the dead-time period. A strategy to reduce voltage jump by adjusting the switching states has be presented. The FC voltages can be balanced by selecting the appropriate switching states. The relationships between the fluctuations of FC voltages and the modulation index and power factor (PF) have been analyzed by simulation results. The performance of the 4L converter has been investigated in MATLAB/Simulink as well as on a down-scaled laboratory prototype.

The Effect of Dead Zone Mode on Electric Vehicle PWM Speed Control System

To realize the electric vehicle braking energy recycling and driving smooth, bipolar PWM modulation mode is often adopted. To avoid the bridge arm shoot-through, a dead zone needs to be set in the complementary upper and lower bridge arm driving signal. Using hardware circuit dead zone setting has the advantages of simple setting and high reliability, is often used in the integrated driving module, however different dead zone mode has different influence on the inverter output voltage. This paper carried analysis on motor speed nonlinear problems caused by output voltage jump around a specific duty ratio in hardware dead zone setting mode, and gives the improvement of hardware circuit. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the method can well solve the output voltage jump in the vicinity of a specific duty ratio problem.

Um método prático para a definição dos ajustes de relés baseados em medidas de freqüência usados para detecção de ilhamento de geração distribuída

Antes de se proceder com a instalação de geração distribuída em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica, engenheiros de proteção devem projetar e parametrizar sistemas de proteção de forma eficiente para desconectar os geradores distribuídos dentro de um tempo pré-determinado, no caso de ocorrência de situações de ilhamento. Tanto o projeto quanto a avaliação de sistemas de proteção anti-ilhamento confiáveis exigem um estudo detalhado envolvendo numerosas simulações dinâmicas, as quais podem demandar muito tempo por parte dos especialistas de proteção. Este artigo tem por objetivo propor um conjunto de fórmulas para reduzir esse número de simulações dinâmicas. Tais fórmulas são capazes de determinar diretamente o comportamento dinâmico dos dispositivos anti-ilhamento mais empregados em geradores síncronos distribuídos: os relés baseados em medidas de freqüência. Elas são obtidas da solução analítica da equação de oscilação da máquina síncrona, juntamente com a solução das equações dos relés. Além disso, as curvas que relacionam o tempo de detecção com o desbalanço de potência ativa, conhecidas como curvas de desempenho, são empregadas para avaliar a exatidão das fórmulas. Tais curvas são obtidas tanto por simulação dinâmica quanto pelas fórmulas propostas, assim uma comparação abrangente pode ser realizada. Os dispositivos de proteção contra ilhamentos analisados neste trabalho são o relé de sub/sobre freqüência, o relé de taxa de variação de freqüência (em inglês, ROCOF relay - Rate Of Change Of Frequency relay) e o relé de deslocamento de fase ou "salto de vetor" (em inglês Vector Surge, Vector Shift ou Voltage Jump relay).