Experimental tests of industrial-scale ripping of soil

Ripper attachments should ensure destruction of firm, frozen or rocky soil. Industrial rippers have the ability to forcibly penetrate the working body into soil in contrast to agricultural tillage machines. The ripper attachments have two-sided force closure. The resultant forces acting on the working tool from the side of soil depend on such ripping parameters as ripping depth and angle. Currently, these dependences are mainly studied experimentally. The article presents the experimental results on the ripping resistance force as a case-study of a tractor-mounted dozer–ripper manufactured at the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. The scope of the experiment covers three ripping depths and eight angles. It has been experimentally found that the dependence of the ripping resistance force on each of these parameters is quadratic. The authors propose to study the ripping process using a complex parameter which is a product of the ripping depth and the ripping angle. The use of the complex parameter in the two-factor analysis allowed reducing the degree of the studied dependence while preserving the required accuracy. The complex parameter reflects the relationship between the design parameters of the ripper tooth, ripping depth and angle. The article shows that the vertical penetration resistance linearly depends on the horizontal traction resistance. The authors obtained this dependence for loam of medium density. The authors’ approach makes it possible undertake optimization of ripping process subject to soil type.

THE 35TH ANNIVERSARY OF PRODUCTION OF THE DT-175S "VOL-GAR" TRACTOR

The article, dedicated to the 35th anniversary of the start of production at the Volgograd Tractor Plant of the tracked agricultural tractor DT-175S "Volgar", tells about the history of the creation of this unique machine in its own way. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the history of the creation and production, the effectiveness of the use of the DT- 175S "Volgar" tractor, considering the stages and directions of its improvement. (Materials and methods) The article de-scribes the history of the creation of the high-speed energy-saturated tractor "Volgar", gave its design features, technical characteristics in comparison with its predecessors, the results of tests in various soil and climatic zones, on various agricultural operations. (Results and discussion) In the DT-175S "Volgar" tractor, the designers, in close cooperation with scientists, embodied the results of research aimed at increasing the working speeds of machine-tractor units, and the most advanced technical solu-tions in the field of tractor construction at that time. The main of these solutions is an automatic continuously variable hydro-mechanical transmission. The combination of a powerful (125 kilowatt) engine with a similar transmission allowed not only signifi-cantly increase the working speed and productivity of the tractor, up to 9-15 kilometers per hour, but also significantly reduce the labor intensity of the tractor driver. The article presents the information about the improvement, modernization of the tractor, the creation of various specialized modifications on its basis. DT-175S "Volgar" be-came the most powerful serial machine of the Volgograd Tractor Plant, rightfully earned the respect of specialists of farms and machine operators. (Conclusions). Further development of the application of the automatic hydro-mechanical transmission on agricultural tractors was to receive the VT-200D tractor of 5th traction class with a capacity of 147 kilowatts. Due to the complication of the economic situation, the production of this tractor was lim-ited to only a small experimental batch.

EQUIVALENCE PRESERVATION IN CONVEYING THE MEANING OF THE PASSIVE VOICE CATEGORY FROM RUSSIAN TO CHINESE (A CASE STUDY OF WEBSITES OF MINSK TRACTOR PLANT AND GREAT STONE INDUSTRIAL PARK)

The article is devoted to the problem of equivalence preservation in translation from Russian into Chinese. In the course of our work, we identified the ways and degree of preservation of translation equivalence at the fourth level according to V. N. Komissarov when conveying voice meanings, comparing the Chinese version of the website of Minsk Tractor Plant with the original version.

THE 35TH ANNIVERSARY OF PRODUCTION OF THE DT-175S "VOL-GAR" TRACTOR

The article, dedicated to the 35th anniversary of the start of production at the Volgograd Tractor Plant of the tracked agricultural tractor DT-175S "Volgar", tells about the history of the creation of this unique machine in its own way. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the history of the creation and produc-tion, the effectiveness of the use of the DT-175S "Volgar" tractor, considering the stages and directions of its improvement. (Materials and methods) The article de-scribes the history of the creation of the high-speed energy-saturated tractor "Volgar", gave its design features, technical characteristics in comparison with its predecessors, the results of tests in various soil and climatic zones, on various agricultural opera-tions. (Results and discussion) In the DT-175S "Volgar" tractor, the designers, in close cooperation with scientists, embodied the results of research aimed at increasing the working speeds of machine-tractor units, and the most advanced technical solu-tions in the field of tractor construction at that time. The main of these solutions is an automatic continuously variable hydro-mechanical transmission. The combination of a powerful (125 kilowatt) engine with a similar transmission allowed not only signifi-cantly increase the working speed and productivity of the tractor, up to 9-15 kilome-ters per hour, but also significantly reduce the labor intensity of the tractor driver. The article presents the information about the improvement, modernization of the tractor, the creation of various specialized modifications on its basis. DT-175S "Volgar" be-came the most powerful serial machine of the Volgograd Tractor Plant, rightfully earned the respect of specialists of farms and machine operators. (Conclusions) The tractor became the most powerful serial machine of VgTZ, earned the respect of quali-fied machine operators and specialists of farms. Further development of the applica-tion of the automatic hydro-mechanical transmission on agricultural tractors was to receive the VT-200D tractor of 5th traction class with a capacity of 147 kilowatts. Due to the complication of the economic situation, the production of this tractor was lim-ited to only a small experimental batch.

Reform of 1965 and social programs of enterprises (on the example of providing housing to employees of ChTZ)

The article describes the study of the impact of the 1965 reform on the social housing program at the Chelyabinsk tractor plant. It is possible to trace the dynamics of obtaining housing by the plant for distribution among its employees in the period from 1963 to 1971. A comparison with similar indicators of Zlatoust plants was made. The author concludes that the reform of 1965, contrary to the all-Union trend, had a negative impact on the already difficult situation with housing in the CHTZ.

'City of the Sun – District of the KhTZ': Space, Images, Memory

The paper analyzes the project of creation of “New Kharkiv” – a “socialist town” for workers of Kharkiv Tractor Plant (KhTZ) at the level of its development, implementation and memory. Today, the space of “the town” is the heart of the Industrialnyi (1934–2016 Ordzhonikidzevskyi) district of Kharkiv, located on the northeast outskirts of the city. The article analyzes the project of “the town”, everyday practices of its inhabitants in the 1930s, the image of the district in city guides, the symbolic changes that took place in the toponymics of the district during decommunization. It has been established that the authors and developers of the project were a team of young architects led by P. Alyoshin. The designers tried to realize the social ideals of the era through specific architectural solutions. It was assumed that all the residents of the town would be workers whose way of life would be in socialized to the limit. For this purpose, no kitchens were designed in the apartments, which was intended to provide public eating facilities. Some odious ideas (connecting the houses with corridor-bridges at the second floor level) were rejected in the early stages of implementation. The authors of city guides during the second half of the XX century. advised guests and residents of the city to visit the area of the “social town”. Although its description is devoid of the pathos of the first five-year plan, it is labeled “model”, “cozy”, “green”. The positive image of the area was marginalized in the early 1990s. With the decline of the economy, the collapse of the social sphere of enterprises, the working districts and towns in Ukraine lose their metaphorical meaning. The KhTZ area was no exception. The analysis of changes in the toponymics of the district shows that during the decommunization its space was deprived of the most odious Soviet political figures (S. Ordzhonikidze, S. Kosior, etc.). More than half of the streets were named after Soviet figures who are directly related to the development of the area and/or worked/were born in Kharkiv. New toponymic names reflect the historical context of origin and the essence of the working outskirts.

STALINGRAD TRACTOR PLANT AS A SPACE FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION AND CONSTRUCTIVISM

The paper is devoted to Stalingrad Tractor Plant, one of the main plants of the Soviet industrialization. The spatial planning pattern of the plant, its settlements, industrial architecture, public and residential buildings are considered herein. Notably, that one of the largest tractor plants in the world was put into operation within the shortest time. Its construction gave a start to the urban development in the north which embodied the advanced ideas in the city planning and architecture of that time. Leading foreign and Russian experts were involved in design and construction works. It is shown that design solutions of residential areas (Upper and Lower) combine both the traditional and innovative principles of the city-planning in the 1920–30s, including the tractor plant and its settlements. It is concluded that whereas residential buildings the early 1930s are characterized by rationality, simplicity, public buildings are expressive and diverse, and represent consistent design principles. The attribution of other objects is also clarified in this paper.

Process of soil destruction: experimental results

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the ripping resistance force on a tracked bulldozer-ripper manufactured by the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. The experiment covers three ripping depths and eight angles. It has been experimentally established that the dependence of the ripping resistance force on each of these parameters is quadratic. The authors propose the use of a complex parameter which is equal to the product of the ripping depth by the angle when studying the ripping process. The use of the complex parameter for two-factor analysis allowed them to reduce the degree of the studied dependence while preserving the required accuracy. The complex parameter reflects the relationship between the design parameters of the ripper tooth, the ripping depth, and angle.