Neural correlates of error-monitoring and mindset: Back to the drawing board?

The different ways students deal with mistakes is an integral part of mindset theory. While previous error-monitoring studies found supporting neural evidence for mindset-related differences, they may have been confounded by overlapping stimulus processing. We therefore investigated the relationship between mindset and event-related potentials (ERPs) of error-monitoring (response-locked Ne, Pe), with and without overlap correction. In addition, besides behavioral measures of remedial action after errors (post-error slowing and accuracy), we investigated their neural correlates (stimulus-locked N2). Results indicated comparable Ne, but larger Pe amplitudes in fixed-minded students; however, after overlap correction, the Pe results were rendered non-significant. A likely explanation for this overlap was a near-significant effect of mindset on the preceding stimulus P3. Finally, although N2 was larger for trials following errors, mindset was unrelated. The current study shows that the relationship between error-monitoring and mindset is more complex and should be reconsidered. Future studies are advised to explore stimulus processing as well, and if needed, to correct for stimulus overlap. In addition, contextual influences on and individual variation in error-monitoring need more scrutiny, which may contribute to refining mindset theory.

Neural correlates of error-monitoring and mindset: back to the drawing board?

The different ways students deal with mistakes is an integral part of mindset theory. While previous error-monitoring studies found supporting neural evidence for mindset-related differences, they may have been confounded by overlapping stimulus processing. We therefore investigated the relationship between mindset and event-related potentials (ERPs) of error-monitoring (response-locked Ne, Pe), with and without overlap correction. In addition, besides behavioral measures of remedial action after errors (increased post-error slowing and accuracy), we investigated their neural correlates (enhanced stimulus-locked N2). Results indicated comparable Ne, but larger Pe amplitudes in fixed-minded students; however, after overlap correction, the Pe results were rendered non-significant. A likely explanation for this overlap was a near-significant effect of mindset on the preceding stimulus P3. Finally, although N2 was larger for trials following errors, mindset was unrelated. The current study shows that the relationship between error-monitoring and mindset is more complex and should be reconsidered. Future studies are advised to explore stimulus processing as well, and if needed, to correct for stimulus overlap.

Does speed of recognition predict two-alternative forced-choice performance? Replicating and extending Starns, Dubé, and Frelinger (2018)

Does the speed of single-item recognition errors predict performance in subsequent two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) trials that include an item with a previous error response? Starns, Dubé, and Frelinger found effects of this kind in two experiments and accounted for them in terms of continuous memory-strength signal guiding recognition decisions. However, the effects of error speed might just as well only reflect an artefact due to an error-correction strategy that uses response latency as a heuristic cue to guide 2AFC responses, elicited through confounding factors in their experimental design such as error-correction instructions and feedback. Using two conditions, a replication condition, replicating the procedure from Starns et al., and an extension condition (each n = 130), controlling for the named shortcomings, we replicated the error speed effect. In both conditions, speed of errors in a single-item recognition task was predictive of subsequent 2AFC performance, including the respective error item. To be more precise, fast errors were associated with decreased 2AFC performance. As there was no interaction with the factor condition, the results support the idea that speed of single-item recognition responses reflects the amount of memory information underlying the respective response rather than being used for a simple error-correction strategy to improve 2AFC performance.

Recall of advertisements after various lapses of time

The recall of 90 magazine advertisements, consisting of a Brand, a Picture and a Slogan, was tested by presenting one of these components as cue and asking for the other two. The advertisements were tested in groups of ten, each group requiring a sequence of 30 test trials (10 advertisements × 3 cues). Backwards analysis of the sequences of responses—that is, starting with the last trial and comparing it successively with the responses on earlier trials—identified many responses as repetitions of previous errors, replicating many of the findings in Laming, D. On the recall of errors in recall. JSMC Brain Science, 2019, 3: 21, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333448328_On_The_Recall_Of_Errors_In_Recall. Nine different groups of advertisements were tested after various lapses of time up to 4 months. A comparison is made between the (short term) probability of repeating a previous error as a function of lag within a single test sequence and the (longer term) probability of retrieving an advertisement as a function of elapsed time. Both these empirical relationships can be characterised by reciprocal functions, but they are otherwise quite different. Extrapolation of long-term accessibility to short intervals suggests recall in the short term could be much better than it is; extrapolation of short-term accessibility to longer intervals poses the contrary problem. Even though the only relevant variable in this comparison appears to be lapse of time, there is a question whether this comparison between short and long term is truly like with like.

The Effects of Previous Error and Success in Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

This work investigated in Alzheimer’s disease dementia (AD), whether the probability of making an error on a task (or a correct response) was influenced by the outcome of the previous trials. We used the antisaccade task (AST) as a model task given the emerging consensus that it provides a promising sensitive and early biological test of cognitive impairment in AD. It can be employed equally well in healthy young and old adults, and in clinical populations. This study examined eye-movements in a sample of 202 participants (42 with dementia due to AD; 65 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI); 95 control participants). The findings revealed an overall increase in the frequency of AST errors in AD and MCI compared to the control group, as predicted. The errors on the current trial increased in proportion to the number of consecutive errors on the previous trials. Interestingly, the probability of errors was reduced on the trials that followed a previously corrected error, compared to the trials where the error remained uncorrected, revealing a level of adaptive control in participants with MCI or AD dementia. There was an earlier peak in the AST distribution of the saccadic reaction times for the inhibitory errors in comparison to the correct saccades. These findings revealed that the inhibitory errors of the past have a negative effect on the future performance of healthy adults as well as people with a neurodegenerative cognitive impairment.

“My Self,” “My Own”: Variations on Locke

This chapter explains the relationship between the Lockean self and own in clarifying a previous error which had been made as the basis for a theory of personal identity. It seeks to understand Locke's near obsessional insistence upon these two little words and their recurrent pairing in his argumentation in order to perceive how, in and through the idiom of his writing itself, he produces an unprecedented signification and seeks to open a place for it within the field of philosophical discourse. In so doing, this chapter also shows that Locke's English cannot be understood without referring to certain neighboring languages—in particular, the French of Descartes and Malebranche, who are his interlocutors, if not his adversaries.

On the number of divisors of a quaternary quadratic form

Let [Formula: see text] We obtain the asymptotic formula [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] are two constants. This improves the previous error term [Formula: see text] obtained by the second author [An asymptotic formula related to the divisors of the quaternary quadratic form, Acta Arith. 166 (2014) 129–140].

Prediksi Pendapatan Sewa Dengan Data Mining Pada Perusahaan XYZ

XYZ Company has a program to predict leasing income that only predict in constant condition where every tenant assumed for leasing renewal. This research is done to build accurate income prediction system that accommodate in making strategic decision towards the company. Premier data collecting is through direct interview with the company management. The analysis is through data training from the previous years to build neural network model. The analysis result shows that this model has produced error total value that is smaller than the previous error total value in years before. Therefore, it could be concluded that data mining with neural network technique that produced more accurate leasing income that could help the company making decision based on the hidden information in the database.

Online Reconfigurable Self-Timed Links for Fault Tolerant NoC

We propose link structures for NoC that have properties for tolerating efficiently transient, intermittent, and permanent errors. This is a necessary step to be taken in order to implement reliable systems in future nanoscale technologies. The protection against transient errors is realized using Hamming coding and interleaving for error detection and retransmission as the recovery method. We introduce two approaches for tackling the intermittent and permanent errors. In the first approach, spare wires are introduced together with reconfiguration circuitry. The other approach uses time redundancy, the transmission is split into two parts, where the data is doubled. In both structures the presence of permanent or intermittent errors is monitored by analyzing previous error syndromes. The links are based on self-timed signaling in which the handshake signals are protected using triple modular redundancy. We present the structures, operation, and designs for the different components of the links. The fault tolerance properties are analyzed using a fault model containing temporary, intermittent, and permanent faults that occur both as bursts and as single faults. The results show a considerable enhancement in the fault tolerance at the cost of performance and area, and with only a slight increase in power consumption.