F. M. DOSTOEVSKY AND NIHILISTIC INTERPRETATION OF HOLBEIN'S PAINTING „DEAD CHRIST IN THE TOMB”

Ever since Hans Holbein the Younger completed his painting, The Dead Christ in the Tomb, in 1522, a question has been looming over it, namely, what message does this dead body convey? Having seen the painting in 1847, the Russian classic writer Fyodor Dostoevsky was also intrigued by this question. In his novel, The Idiot, Ippolit Terentyev seeks to give a systematic and direct answer. The article presents a hermeneutic analysis of his position, and classifies it as nihilistic. Nihilism affects all three levels of Ippolit's discourse - the ontic, eschatological and ontological. Nevertheless, the question remains: can such nihilism be justified from the perspective of the painting itself? Posing this question in the context of Alois Riegl’s periodization of European culture has proven to be interesting. He is of the opinion that, following the era of Christian monotheism, the third and the last period of the development of European culture is the natural-scientific period. This particular period, Riegl believes, began in 1520. If we choose to accept this periodization model, The Dead Christ may be seen as one of the first paintings of the modern era, keeping in mind that Holbein painted it in 1521 and 1522. As regards the issue of the body of The Dead Christ being immersed in physical suffering to the extent that the possibility of resurrection is excluded - as Ippolit presumes - this article offers certain reasons of an anatomical nature which may be interpreted theologically and which deny the validity of Ippolit’s modern, nihilistic hypothesis in regard to the meaning of Holbein's Dead Christ.

A New Approach to Inflation through the Joint Analysis of Economics Efficiency and Social Welfare. A case study: Argentina

This paper points out the main e1ements under analysis in a study aimed at bringing out the relevant causes of inflation in each kind of economic structure. Thus, it stresses the necessity of a direct answer to questions like when, where, why and how an inflationary process is generated as well as its economic, political and social consequences. Further, it points out the necessity of analyzing the nature of inflation and its circumstances rather than contrasting structuralism vs. monetarism. Thus it seeks to specify the causes of inflation, their direction, intensity and interaction in a given type of economic and social structure. With that aim the ideas of economic efficiency and social welfare are introduced and applied to an interpretation of the Argentine case during the last hundred years.

Did the ancient Greeks know the natural overtone series?

Music theory, which developed in the course of a single musical-mathematical-astronomical synthesis, does not give a direct answer to the question posed – "did the ancient Greeks know the natural overtone series" as a reasonable system. Nevertheless, the musical theory in the preserved sources-original works, their fragments, compilations – came quite close to understanding of the existening of the phenomenon much later called "natural overtone series". The article attempts to find a correspondence between individual mathematically calculated intervals, the main system-forming generic tetrachordal structures (diaton, chroma, enharmony) and segments of the natural overtone series as evidence of the unity of the scientific and empirical (auditory) approach to achieving the best sound of Music, universal Harmony. The article is a revised and expanded version of the Lecture for students and teachers of conservatories "Musical acoustics in the works of ancient scientists" (Novosibirsk, 2009).

On the Issue of the Сelebration of the Liturgy of St. Basil the Great on the Nativity of Christ and the Epiphany

Литургия свт. Василия Великого согласно ныне принятому Уставу в Русской Православной Церкви совершается десять раз в году. Два из них приходятся на навечерия двух схожих по уставу праздников - Рождества Христова и Богоявления. Однако, в случае совпадения навечерия с субботой или воскресеньем, Литургия свт. Василия Великого совершается в самый день праздника. Прямого ответа на вопрос, почему так происходит, в литургической литературе нет. В статье даётся ответ на этот вопрос с позиции логики богослужебного устава. При этом рассматривается уставной статус богослужебных чинов, образующих затруднительный казус. То есть, сравниваются богослужебные чины навечерий Рождества Христова и Богоявления с чинами субботнего и воскресного дней. В результате этого сравнения делается вывод о том, что причиной переноса является, с одной сто роны, логика устава, не позволяющая отменить богослужебные чинопоследования субботы и воскресенья в пользу более низких по уставному статусу навечерий праздников. А с другой стороны, совершенно отменить богослужебные особенности предпразднств Рождества Христова и Богоявления не позволяет уважение к древности этих особенностей. The liturgy of St. Basil the Great, according to the currently adopted Charter, is per formed ten times a year in the Russian Orthodox Church. Two of them fall on the eve of two similar Holidays holidays - the Nativity of Christ and the Epiphany. However, in the case of coincidence of the reunion with Saturday or Sunday, the liturgy of St. Basil the Great is celebrated on the very day of the Feast. There is no direct answer to the question of why this happens in liturgical literature.The article gives an answer to this question from the standpoint of the logic of the liturgical char ter. At the same time, the statutory status of liturgical ranks forming a difficult incident is considered. That is, the liturgical ranks of the Nativity of Christ and Epiphany are compared with the ranks of the Sabbath and Sunday. As a result of this comparison, it is concluded that, on the one hand, the reason for the transfer is the logic of the charter, which does not allow canceling the liturgical ranks of Saturdays and Sundays in favor of the holidays with lower statutes. And on the other hand, to completely abolish the liturgical features of the precelebrations of the Nativity of Christ and the Epiphany does not allow respect for the antiquity of these features.

The dilemma of the direct answer

No Web technology has undergone such an impressive evolution as Web search engines did and still do. Starting with the promise of "Bringing order to the Web" 1 by compiling information sources matching a query, retrieval technology has been evolving to a kind of "oracle machinery", being able to recommend a single source, and even to provide direct answers extracted from that source. Notwithstanding the remarkable progress made and the apparent user preferences for direct answers, this paradigm shift comes at a price which is higher than one might expect at first sight, affecting both users and search engine developers in their own way. We call this tradeoff "the dilemma of the direct answer"; it deserves an analysis which has to go beyond system-oriented aspects but scrutinize the way our society deals with both their information needs and means to information access. The paper in hand contributes to this analysis by putting the evolution of retrieval technology and the expectations at it in the context of information retrieval history. Moreover, we discuss the trade offs in information behavior and information system design that users and developers may face in the future.

ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN GREETINGS AS ADJACENCY PAIRS: A PRAGMATIC STUDY

A speaker customarily opens the conversation by saying greeting to his or her interlocutor. At a glance, greetings maybe not a complicated activity but for the most part, they are highly conventionalized and follow patterned routines. Despite it, the pattern or sequence of greetings along with its type is dynamic and developed. The research aimed to describe the kinds of verbal and non-verbal greetings customarily shown in every exchange, to reveal the sequence of English and Indonesian greetings as adjacency pairs in social exchange. The data consists of English collected from "Twelve Years a Slave" while Indonesian data are obtained from observation, record, and field notes. Both of the data are analyzed by using descriptive qualitative method. The result of this research indicates that there are four types of Indonesian sequential greetings uncovered by Firth's theory, characterized by interjection-question, question-body language, interjection-invitation, and invitation. Each is used in a single utterance for each pair. Second, English data indicate the sequences of greetings uttered by first pair and second are symmetrical, body language preceding question, and body language, on the other hand, Indonesian greeting sequence, the researcher finds an asymmetrical pattern, question preceding question, body language, and visual response. Miscellaneous greeting sequences also appeared in both such as affirmation and facial expression, question and affirmation, affirmation and invitation, invitation and affirmation, and also question and direct answer.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON EMPLOYEE INTER PERSONAL AND HARMONIOUS RELATIONSHIPS WITH REFERENCE TO HPCL AND CFL

Research activity in the area of HRM/HRD is increasing and still there is a lot of scope for research to study the practices and their impact. The researcher has made an effort to review the studies related to the topic chosen. The studies reveal that there are a number of studies at macro level and that to them are more foreign studies which have given the basic knowledge to proceed. There are also some Indian Studies related to the present topic. There are hardly any studies related to Petrochemicals and Fertilizer Industries at the Micro Level. In this background, the main objective of the study is to assess the levels of the utilization of human resources as well as to determine the functional status of the units. Keeping the above aspects under consideration, the study selected two large scale industrial units Viz., The very purpose of this research is to know the opinion of the Employees on interpersonal relations among them for better implementation of HR Practices in Petrochemical and Fertilizer industries the effect of the development in industrial organizations and the development of productivity culture in the employees. The study demands direct answer from the respondents, which without any ambiguity will determine the factors which contribute positively or negatively for assessing the functioning and the effect of the HRD among selected industries.

Theoretical Concept and Definition of City Marketing

Why do some cities get more investments than others taking into account their equal locality, capital, and potential? City marketing can be a direct answer to that. Selling cities as a product, building their brand and reputation, making them attractive in the "urban market" for investors, partners, current and prospective residents… all of these bring us to the idea of cities' interests' promotion. In this article author frames the theoretical concept of city marketing through literature analysis and creates an operational definition in the framework of the thesis "Strategic City Marketing in Ukrainian Local Governments: Analysis of Current and Perspective Realization". In the process of analysis, it was observed, that studied definitions form two groups: competition-oriented and customer-oriented. The task was to use features of both in the operational definition.