Topographical mapping of sympathetic postganglionic innervation of mouse heart v1

This protocol describes the process of mapping the topographical organization of tyrosine hydroxylase immune reactive sympathetic postganglionic axons and terminals in the mouse heart. Hearts were removed and separated as whole mounts, then scanned using confocal or zeiss microscopy

Doma: a new multi-technological lithic occurrence in the Lower Son Valley (north-central India) and its regional context

The Lower Son Valley is generally overlooked despite a lengthy history of archaeological and geological studies in the adjacent Middle Son Valley. However, recent explorations in the former have yielded a large number of Palaeolithic and microlithic sites. This paper provides an initial report on Doma, a newly discovered site with the first-known stratified bifaces in this part of the valley. The site preserves multi-period technologies in different contexts including terminal Acheulean/early Middle Palaeolithic, and Upper Palaeolithic (all tentatively assigned based on respective typologies). Preliminary field observations are presented on the sedimentary sequence, archaeological surveys, topographical mapping, raw material, and the overall palaeoanthropological assessment of Doma. The raw material utilised at the site is primarily porcellanite, derived from exposures of the Semri Group of the Vindhyan Supergroup. The oldest Palaeolithic evidence at Doma broadly resembles Late Acheulean sites dated to ∼140-120 ka in the nearby Middle Son Valley. The Pleistocene sediments here also yielded mammalian fossil specimens such as long bone fragments, dental specimens and antler fragments. Along with the lithics and fossils, the site also preserves datable sedimentary sequence with calcrete, all key proxies to develop a testable model of technological transitions within a palaeoenvironmental framework, in the future.

Topographical mapping of the mechanical characteristics of the human neurocranium considering the role of individual layers

The site-dependent load-deformation behavior of the human neurocranium and the load dissipation within the three-layered composite is not well understood. This study mechanically investigated 257 human frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital neurocranial bone samples at an age range of 2 to 94 years, using three-point bending tests. Samples were tested as full-thickness three-layered composites, as well as separated with both diploë attached and removed. Right temporal samples were the thinnest samples of all tested regions (median < 5 mm; p < 0.001) and withstood lowest failure loads (median < 762 N; p < 0.001). Outer tables were thicker and showed higher failure loads (median 2.4 mm; median 264 N) than inner tables (median 1.7 mm, p < 0.001; median 132 N, p = 0.003). The presence of diploë attached to outer and inner tables led to a significant reduction in bending strength (with diploë: median < 60 MPa; without diploë: median > 90 MPa, p < 0.001). Composites (r = 0.243, p = 0.011) and inner tables with attached diploë (r = 0.214, p = 0.032) revealed positive correlations between sample thickness and age. The three-layered composite is four times more load-resistant compared to the outer table and eight times more compared to the inner table.

Vibration model of Ziyuan3 satellites considering frequency changing

Ziyuan3-01 and Ziyuan3-02, Chinese civilian high-resolution stereo mapping satellites, were designed to satisfy the requirements of 1:50,000 digital topographical mapping. Platform vibration detection plays an important role in the Ziyuan3 satellite project. Various methods have been used to detect the vibration of Ziyuan3-01, but none focuses on that the vibration frequency is not a fixed value. To detect and model the vibration, this study proposes a method based on a set of raw gyroscope data to detect long-term vibration and model it with considering frequency changing. Two experiments were conducted, and the results showed that (a) the proposed method can detect the long-term vibration frequency and model it; (b) there is a same vibration frequency of approximately 0.65 Hz in the Ziyuan3-01 and Ziyuan3-02; (c) the 0.65 Hz vibration suffered by the Ziyuan3 satellite series is not a fixed value, varying from 0.59 Hz to 0.7 Hz, and the period of the vibration change is a constant value of approximately 1 year, which we modeled with a sine function; and (d) the working state of loads on the platform, such as solar panels, has an influence on the vibration frequency certainly.

Scoping a Vocabulary for Spatial Relations Properties

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Spatial relations are essential for knowledge representation, yet the scope of a corpus of geospatial terms, such as exists for RDF or OWL, is not yet recognized. A vocabulary of geospatial relations may align with several existing models within RDF and OWL; among which are relation primitives as defined in upper ontology; regional topological relations such as those expressed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) GeoSPARQL standard; and mereotopologic relations as are researched in related semantic literature. One semantic area that is theorized among linguists, but not well defined within formal logic are verb-preposition combinations. The objective of this study in-progress is to 1. Define a corpus of spatial relation terms, 2. Place such relation classes within a framework of existing semantic axioms, and 3. To identify the types of spatial relation terms that need more research. To understand and enrich the vocabulary of geospatial feature properties for semantic technology, English language spatial relation predicates were analysed in three standard topographic feature glossaries. Five major classes of spatial relation predicates were identified from the analysis. First, part-whole relations are modelled throughout semantic and linked-data networks. The remaining classes are spatially descriptive and geometric relations; physical processes happening in space; human use of geographic space, such as land use; and spatial preposition spatial relations. These categories are commonly found in the ‘real world’ and support environmental science based on digital topographical mapping. The hypothesis is that a broad set of spatial relation expressions, form the basis for expanding the range of possible queries for topographical data and mapping applications.</p>

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AN EXTENDED INTERFEROMETRIC RADAR DATA PROCESSING APPROACH

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Radar data acquisition is a reliable technology to provide base data for topographical mapping. Its flexibility and weather independency makes radar data more attractive in comparison with traditional airborne data acquisition. This advantage emplaces radar data acquisition as an alternative method for many applications including Large Scale Topographical Mapping (LSTM). LSTM i.e. larger or equal than 1<span class="thinspace"></span>:<span class="thinspace"></span>10.000 map scale is one of the prominent priority tasks to be finished in an accelerated way especially in third world countries such as Indonesia. The available TerraSAR-X Add on Digital Elevation Model X (TanDEM-X) Intermediate Digital Elevation Model (IDEM) from German Aerospace Center (DLR) as one useful global scientific data set however still complies with High Resolution Terrain Information (HRTI) Level 3 only. The accuracy of the end product of pairwise bi-static TanDEM-X data can be improved by some potential measures such as incorporation of Ground Control Points (GCPs) within the interferometric data processing. It is expected that the corresponding end product can fulfil HRTI Level 4 specification. From this point, we focus on the step of phase difference measurements in radar interferometry to generate elevation model with least square adjustment approach using three main parameters i.e. height reference, absolute phase offset and baseline. Those three parameters are considered to be essential within the Digital Surface Model (DSM) generation process. Therefore it is necessary to find the optimal solution within aforementioned adjustment model. In this paper we use an linearized model, as discussed in section 2.4, to process the bi-static TanDEM-X datasets and investigate how this improves the accuracy of the generated DSM. As interferometric radar data processing relies on accurate GCP data we use Indonesian Geospatial Reference System (SRGI) for our investigations. Also, we use baseline and phase offset information from TanDEM-X metadata. Subsequently, the DSM generated using Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) desktop, is the main product used for LSTM. This product has to be assessed using check points derived from conventional airborne data acquisition using RCD-30 metric camera and the accuracy is compared with the accuracy of the IDEM. Summarized, this paper aims on an improvement of the DSM generation by adjusting main parameters through our linearized model.</p>