Excited and exotic bottomonium spectroscopy from lattice QCD

We explore the spectrum of excited and exotic bottomonia using lattice QCD. Highly excited states are identified with masses up to 11,000 MeV, many of which can be grouped into supermultiplets matching those of the quark model while exotic spin-parity-charge-conjugation quantum numbers JPC = 0+−, 1−+, 2+− that cannot be formed from $$ \overline{q}q $$ q ¯ q alone are also identified. Single-meson operator constructions are used that have good JPC in the continuum, these are found to overlap well onto heavy quark states up to J ≤ 4. A continuum JPC is assigned to each level, based on the distribution amongst lattice irreps and dominant operator overlaps. States with a dominant gluonic component are identified and form a hybrid supermultiplet with JPC = (0, 1, 2)−+, 1−−, approximately 1500 MeV above the ground-state ηb, similar to previous computations with light, strange and charm quark systems.

Lorentz Symmetry Group, Retardation, and Galactic Rotation Curves

The general theory of relativity (GR) is known to be invariant under smooth coordinate transformations (diffeomorphism). This group has a subgroup known as the Lorentz group of symmetry which is manifested in the weak field approximation to GR. The dominant operator in the weak field equation of GR is thus the d'Alembert (wave) operator which has a retarded potential solution. Galaxies are huge physical systems having dimensions of many tens of thousands of light years. Thus any change at the galactic center will be noticed at the rim only tens of thousands of years later. Those retardation effects are neglected in present day galactic modelling used to calculate rotational velocities of matter in the rims of the galaxy and surrounding gas. The significant differences between the predictions of Newtonian instantaneous action at a distance and observed velocities are usually explained by either assuming dark matter or by modifying the laws of gravity (MOND). In this paper we will show that taking general relativity seriously without neglecting retardation effects one can explain the radial velocities of galactic matter in the M33 galaxy without postulating dark matter.

Brazil oil auctions fall short of expectations

Subject Pre-salt oil auctions. Significance Two major oil auctions on November 6 and 7 frustrated the government’s expectations of achieving inflows of more than 110 billion reais (26.4 billion dollars). Major oil companies stayed away despite initial interest, and only three out of nine areas attracted bids. High prices, investments by state-controlled Petrobras in the areas and uncertainties about Brazil were key factors in the disappointing result. Impacts Petrobras will consolidate as the dominant operator of Brazil’s large oil reserves. Political uncertainties and high costs will continue to limit foreign investor enthusiasm. The government is likely to change the exploratory regime for future offshore auctions.

The impact of rail industry restructuring on incentives to adopt innovation: A case study of Britain

This paper examines whether there are features of the structure and regulation of the British rail industry which fail to provide adequate incentives for innovation and how to overcome those found. British experience is of wider interest because Britain has gone further than any other European country to try to provide appropriate incentives through sophisticated track access charges and performance regimes and through cost- and revenue-sharing arrangements. The methodology adopted in this study started with a literature review but then followed this up with a round of interviews in Britain and a more limited round of interviews in Germany and Sweden plus reports prepared by partners on Sweden, France and Slovenia. The two main issues identified are fragmentation of the rail system, so that the organisation bearing the costs of the innovation may not receive the benefits, and short time horizons produced by franchising and regulatory arrangements. A variety of solutions have been tried in different European countries, including the holding company model, government leadership and alliances or other cost- and revenue-sharing arrangements, but all have disadvantages as well as advantages, and the best approach to take depends on circumstances such as whether there is, or could be, a single dominant operator on the network concerned.

Postal Universal Service Fund Collection Study from the Express Industry in the Information Age

The express industry has developed rapidly as e-commerce is becoming to be more and more popular. The contradiction between express delivery industry and postal universal service obligation is inevitable. A collection standard of universal service fund currently has a larger dispute. This article constructs a stackelberg game model based on the dominant operator and competitive postal operator through the theoretical analysis with the postal and courier companies "asymmetric" competition, and the rationality of the fund is discussed according to the express delivery business to impose and standard, etc. Using the method of reverse solving equilibrium results, it shows that the scheme has certain feasibility, but levy must be relevant conditions.

Another Version of Fuglede–Putnam Theorem

In [Yoshino, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 95: 571–572, 1985] the author proved that for a 𝑀-hyponormal operator 𝐴* and for a dominant operator 𝐵, 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐵𝐶 implies 𝐶𝐴* = 𝐵*𝐶. In the case where 𝐴* and 𝐵 are normal, this result is known as the Fuglede–Putnam theorem. In this paper, we will extend this result to the case in which 𝐴 is an injective (𝑝, 𝑘)-quasihyponormal operator and 𝐵* is a dominant operator. We also show that the same result remains valid for (𝑝, 𝑘)-quasihyponormal and log-hyponormal operators.

The Northern Sea Route, 1999–2000

At the end of the twentieth century, Russia's Northern Sea Route (NSR) has functioned primarily as a domestic marine transport system with Murmansk Shipping Company as the dominant operator and facilitator. Total cargo along the NSR in 1999 was 1.58 million tons; during 1997–99 no through transit cargo was carried on the NSR. The International NSR Programme (INSROP), backed by Japanese, Norwegian, and Russian interests, concluded in November 1999 with a key user conference in Oslo. The six-year (1993–99) INSROP effort produced a large body of new information about the NSR and Russian Arctic that decision-makers will find valuable in planning future ventures in the region. Concerns have been expressed in Russia for the ageing icebreaker fleet that has been the backbone of all NSR operations since the 1950s. Several nuclear icebreakers have been refuelled and, although detailed plans for a replacement fleet of nuclear and diesel-electric ships have been developed, financing has not been identified. As Arctic sea ice continues to decline in extent and thickness, the impacts on future NSR operations will be significant considerations for future operations.