The Influencing Mechanism of Social Effort-Reward Imbalance on Life Satisfaction among Aging Workforces in the United States: A Longitudinal Study

Improving life satisfaction is consistent with the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals. Although there are many studies examining life satisfaction, research on the influencing mechanisms remains a hot topic and scholars hope to explore more aspects that improve life satisfaction. The purpose was to explore how the relationship between social effort-reward imbalance and life satisfaction are mediated by positive and negative affect. We collected longitudinal data from 909 respondents participating in the 2008 and 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We used the first-order difference method and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis to evaluate the validity of the proposed hypotheses. Our results demonstrated that social effort-reward imbalance was positively related to negative affect, and negatively related to positive affect. Positive affect was positively related to life satisfaction, while negative affect was negatively related to life satisfaction. The findings also indicated that positive and negative affect completely mediated the relationship between social effort-reward imbalance and life satisfaction. This study has made a contribution to the research on the influencing mechanism of life satisfaction from the aspects of theory and practice. Longitudinal data ensured that the conclusions were more reliable so that the study could provide useful suggestions for improving life satisfaction.

Age-related change in adult chimpanzee social network integration

Background: Social isolation is a key risk factor for the onset and progression of age-related disease and mortality in humans, yet older people commonly have narrowing social networks. Few models explain why human networks shrink with age, despite the risk that small networks and isolation pose. We evaluate models grounded in a life history perspective by studying social aging in wild chimpanzees, which are long-lived and show physical decline with age. Methodology: We applied social network analysis to examine age-related changes in social integration in a 7+ year mixed-longitudinal dataset comprised of 38 wild adult chimpanzees (22 F, 16 M) in the Kanyawara community in the Kibale National Park, Uganda. Metrics of social integration included social attractivity and overt effort (directed degree and strength), gregariousness (undirected strength), social roles (betweenness and local transitivity), and embeddedness (eigenvector centrality) in grooming and spatial association networks. Results: Males reduced overt social effort yet increased in attractivity, roles in cliques, and embeddedness. Females were overall less integrated than males, and their decreased integration with age suggested social avoidance. Effects of age were largely independent of rank. Both sexes maintained highly repeatable inter-individual differences in several aspects of integration, particularly among mixed-sex partners. Conclusions and implications: As in humans, chimpanzees experience age-related declines in social effort. However, important facets of integration aged more similarly to humans in non-industrialized vs. industrialized societies, suggesting an evolutionary social mismatch between conserved declines in effort and dynamics of industrialized society. Lastly, individual and sex differences have the potential to be important mediators of successful social aging in chimpanzees, as in humans.

Cross-linguistic influence and the MGM

Language learning is an interactive, social effort and the role of grammar is no longer focused. Nowadays we consider most language learners to be pluricultural beings aiming at communicative language competence (cf. CEFR 2018) in another language. The role of grammar, thus, plays a subordinate role. Authentic language usage requires the analysis of authentic dialogues (via the Mixed Game Model, MGM) and awareness-raising regarding the phenomenon of language transfer (via Crosslinguistic-influence approaches). These two approaches will be merged within the article – addressed to linguists as well as language teachers.

Amartia Sen, crítico da teoria da justiça rawsliana

The present paper focuses on Amartia Sen and an aspect of his reflection on the Rawslian theory of justice, especially about the justification of substantive and social rights and more particularly those that demand the discussion about the character and nature of the right to private appropriation of social effort. Thus, tehe focuse is understand an aspect of Amartia Sen's reflection exposed in the 3rd chapter of 'Development as freedom', in which Sen contrast the formulation of Rawls' theory of justice, regarding the priority that the author grants the formal element of freedom to the detriment of its materialization and concretization. In the name of those emerges a clear theoretical (and practical) conflict with the demands for the realization of certain rights, resulting in a dichotomy between liberties (as formal, procedural or negative freedoms) vis-a-vis the liberal-individualist tradition and within which they are opposed freedoms (understood in the context of the debate put there as concrete, material or substantive freedoms). So, we have an antinomy will be confronted with the Hart’s 'Essays in Jurisprudence and philosophy', in the sense of pointing out that a problem with Rawls' formulation is that he does not understand it necessary to reconcile the admission of private property as freedom with the general principle of maximum ‘equal freedom’. So want to ask is whether the model proposed by Sen tackles this issue better and more adequately, which implies a hypothetical framework by which, by establishing a small number of basic freedoms, the Rawslian formulation does nothing more than treat property rights as mere formal guarantee of those who have it and to the detriment of all other components of the social body. It is, therefore, as to the method, of research centered on bibliographic review.

Social Accounting; Tendensi Kemaslahatan Publik dibalik Kenaikan Tarif BPJS Kesehatan di Indonesia

Public needs about healthness rights has been usually ignored by the regulation that’s truly not being pro of people. Doubled rate increase of BPJS-Kesehatan is the one that properly will given a social effort for the people. According to the case, this study aims to know the tendention of rate increase of BPJS Kesehatan related to public needs. This article is a qualitative research with interpretive approach that try to study about problem or social issues with indepth-detail purpose. Literatur study have applied to collate the data and information. To keep the quality of data, source of data and theory of triangulation used in this study before make final results. The result show that rate increased of BPJS Kesehatan has been given a social effort like economic problem because the increase not following by income growth of peoples. In the other side, this regulary will broke the public rights if there is noy following by a prime service. Government have to make a good analysis with social accounting points as the relevance and reliable policys purpose.

Parsing social motivation: Development and validation of a self-report measure of social effort

Reduced efforts to form and maintain social bonds can exist in the context of sufficient desire for social connection. This disconnect between social liking/wanting and effortful behavior may contribute to social impairment. Despite many available questionnaires that assess sociability, desire or lack thereof for connection, and perceived social support, there is no current self-report assessment of social effort (i.e., tendencies toward exerting effort in the service of social connection). Our aim in this study was to develop and examine the factor structure of a scale designed to measure social motivation as reflected by effortful approach to form/maintain social bonds. The scale was administered to two samples of U.S. college students (total N = 981) and adults living in the U.S. via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk; N = 506). We analyzed the scale’s factor structure using exploratory structural equation modeling. We identified two factors that represented content related to social effort (e.g., “I often arrange events with other people”) and social conscientiousness (e.g., “I compliment others when they have done something well”); we named the measure the Social Effort and Conscientiousness Scale (SEACS). We examined convergent, divergent, and criterion validity, internal consistency, and measurement invariance of the SEACS. Results suggest the SEACS is a reliable and valid measure of social effort. We include discussion of potential applications of the SEACS, including its use in psychopathology research.

The Queue

The contemporary Russian migration regime is grounded in an artificial shortage of legal labour. For migrant workers from ‘visa-free’ states of the former Soviet Union, becoming and remaining documented requires mastering the queue as a distinct social and institutional form. Exploring the everyday tactics of ‘occupying the queue’ among migrant workers from Kyrgyzstan, this paper brings an existentially sensitive perspective on migration into conversation with an anthropology of legal time, attentive to the ways in which being ‘stuck in motion’ emerges through the conjunction of competing tempi of work, life, and legalisation. A focus on the queue as social form draws attention to the embodied labour of synchronisation: the physical and social effort entailed in integrating the disjunctive temporal regimes of paid work and documentary verification in contexs of legal precarity. In so doing, the article critically interrogates assumptions of ‘empty time’ in recent anthropological work on waiting.

Ownership when AI robots do more of the work and earn more of the income

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the likely impact of AI robotics technology on the labor market through the lens of comparative advantage.Design/methodology/approachThe first section reviews the recent success of AI in outperforming humans in cognitive intense activities such as Go, poker and other strategic games, which portends a shift in comparative advantage in human brain power work to machines. It notes the potential for a portfolio of specialized computer algorithms to compete with human general intelligence in work. The analysis contributes to the debate between economists dubious about claims that AI robotics will disrupt work and futurists who expect many jobs to be fully automated in coming years. It advances three “laws of robo-economics” to guide thinking about the new technologies and presents evidence that growing robot intensity has begun to impact the job market.FindingsThe paper finds that the case for AI robotics substantially changing the world of work and the distribution of income is more compelling than the case that it will have similar impacts on wages and employment as past technological changes. It advances an ownership solution to spread the benefits of AI robot-driven automation widely.Originality/valueTo the extent that who owns the robots rules the world, it argues for a concerted social effort to widen the “who” in ownership from the few to the many. It reviews policies to expand employee ownership of their own firm and of the stream of revenue via profit-sharing and gain-sharing bonuses. But the paper notes that ensuring that growth of AI robotics benefits all through ownership will require expansion of workers’ and citizens’ stake in business broadly, through collective investment via pension funds, individual investment in mutual funds and development of sovereign wealth funds.