Perbandingan Pengaruh Latihan Fartlek Dengan Latihan Sirkuit Training Terhadap Kapasitas Kerja Maksimal VO2 Max Pada Siswa MAN 1 Makassar.

This research is a descriptive study to determine (1) the effect of fartlek training on maximal working capacity of VO2 Max in MAN 1 Makassar (2) to determine the circuit training exercise on maximal working capacity of VO2 Max in MAN 1 Makassar (3) to determine differences in the effect of fartlek training with circuit training exercise on maximal working capacity of VO2 Max in MAN 2 Makassar. Population in this study were all students of MAN 1 Makassar while the sample in this study 40 students of class XI were taken by random sampling. The results of this study were (1) the data maximal work capacity (VO2max) through the end of the exercise test farlek obtained an average value of 40,872, a standard deviation of 5.6633, 29.8 minimum value, maximum value of 50.8, and 1634.9 total value of 35 samples (2) Data maximal work capacity (VO2max) obtained an average value of 44.562, a standard deviation of 21.575, 35.4 minimum value, maximum value of 52.2, and 1782.5 total value of 35 samples. Keywords: Effect of exercise training; Fartlek Training; circuit training; VO2Max.Abstrak Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian diskriptif untuk mengetahui (1) pengaruh latihan fartlek terhadap kapasitas kerja maksimal VO2 Max pada siswa MAN 1 Makassar (2) untuk mengetahui latihan circuit training terhadap kapasitas kerja maksimal VO2 Max pada siswa MAN 1 Makassar (3) untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh latihan fartlek dengan latihan circuit training terhadap kapasitas kerja maksimal VO2 Max pada siswa MAN 1 Makassar. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh Siswa MAN 1 Makassar sedangkan sampel dalam penelitian ini 40 siswa kelas XI diambil dengan secara random sampling. Hasil penelitian ini adalah 1. Ada pengaruh yang signifikan latihan parlek terhadap kemampuan kerja maksimal (V O2 Max) (P < 0,05), 2. Ada pengaruh yang siknifikan latihan sirkuit terhadap kemampuan kerja maksimal (V O2 Max) (P < 0,05), 3. Ada perbedaan signifikan latihan parlek dan latihan sirkuit, dan 4. Latihan sirkuit lebih baik meningkatkan kemampuan kerja maksimal daripada latihan parlek (P < 0,05). Kata kunci: Pengaruh latihan; latihan fartlek; latihan circuit; VO 2Max

Cognitive impairment in young adults with infratentorial infarcts

Objective: To describe cognitive functions and functional outcome in young patients with isolated infratentorial infarcts.Background: Contemporary knowledge implies a cerebellar contribution to cognitive behavior. Neuropsychological examination of patients with selective cerebellar lesions provides an opportunity to document the existence and nature of clinically relevant cognitive manifestations from lesions of the cerebellum.Methods: Prospective case series. The patients were assessed acutely and at 4 and 12 months after onset. Twenty-four patients from a consecutive series of 105 patients aged 18 to 44 years with cerebral infarction had a brain stem or cerebellar infarction. Fourteen age-matched controls were used for neuropsychological comparisons. Evaluation included MRI, angiography, and transesophageal echocardiography. Disability and neurologic dysfunction were assessed by the modified Rankin scale, NIH stroke scale, and maximal working capacity. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was performed at baseline in 20 of the 24 patients.Results: Eighteen patients had a cerebellar infarct. Two patients had lateral medullary infarcts, and two isolated pontine infarcts. Twenty-two patients had a favorable outcome according to the modified Rankin scale (grade 0-2) and the NIH scale. In contrast, 12 patients were granted full or partial sick leave at the 4 months follow-up, and 10 patients at 12 months. Patients generally performed worse than controls in various aspects of cognitive function, especially in tasks concerning working memory, the temporary storage of complex information, and cognitive flexibility. Measures of verbal IQ (r = -0.74) and performance IQ (r = -0.78) were related to the size of the infarct. The block design task performance in the early poststroke period predicted maximal working capacity at 12 months.Conclusions: Cerebellar damage impairs central aspects of attention and visuospatial skills. In contrast, intelligence and episodic memory remain unchanged. When the lesion involves large portions of the cerebellar hemispheres, changes concerning broad areas of intelligence may occur. The prognosis is favorable for neurologic dysfunction, but cognitive deficits may prevent return to work.

Spleen emptying and venous hematocrit in humans during exercise

The spleen may release pooled erythrocytes to the general circulation during strenuous conditions such as heavy exercise. Most of our knowledge of this reservoir function of the spleen derives from animal studies, and the splenic contribution to the circulating blood volume in humans has been regarded as unimportant. We recorded the erythrocyte content in the human spleen during graded bicycle exercise to maximal working capacity. In five normal adults 99mTc-labeled autologous erythrocytes were injected intravenously, and the subjects were placed on bicycles with the back against a gamma camera focusing on the spleen. During increasing exercise the splenic erythrocyte content decreased linearly, and at maximal work load it had been reduced to a mean of 34.2% (range 44–26%) of the initial count rate at supine rest. Concomitantly norepinephrine and epinephrine in plasma increased gradually, whereas neuropeptide Y increased only at maximal exercise. A rise in hematocrit from a mean of 44.6 to 48 was observed, but the autotransfusion of erythrocytes from the spleen only partly explains the rise in hematocrit during physical activity.

The influence of naloxone on exercise-induced increase in plasma pituitary hormones and the subjectively experienced level of exhaustion in healthy males

Opioid peptides seem to play a role as modulators of the pituitary function in man. In the present study, the effect of naloxone on exercise-induced pituitary hormone release and the subjectively experienced level of exhaustion were investigated in nine healthy males. A submaximal work test was performed on two occasions using a bicycle ergometer: 10 min on 50% of maximal working capacity (MWC), immediately followed by 10 min on 80% of MWC. Ten min before exercise, each subject received, in a single-blind randomized order, either a bolus dose of naloxone (100 μg/kg) followed by a slow infusion of naloxone (50 μg · kg−1 · h−1) or as a control a corresponding volume of the preservatives in the naloxone preparation as a bolus dose followed by an infusion of diluted preservatives. In the control studies, exercise induced a significant increase in GH, PRL, TSH and ACTH. The increase in ACTH was enhanced following naloxone. Naloxone was without effect on exercise-induced changes in GH, PRL and TSH. An increased level of exhaustion was experienced on 80% of MWC during naloxone. It is concluded that opioid receptors with a moderate sensitivity to naloxone are involved in the regulation of the ACTH response to exercise and also influence the subjectively experienced level of exhaustion.

Lack of effect of Naloxone in a Moderate dosage on the Exercise-Induced Increase in Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Plasma Catecholamines, Plasma Renin Activity and Plasma Aldosterone in Healthy Males

1. There is evidence that opioid peptides influence blood pressure and heart rate in animals and man. In the present investigation the effect of naloxone on the exercise-induced increase in blood pressure, heart rate, plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone was investigated in nine healthy men. A submaximal work test was performed on two occasions. The test consisted of ergometer bicycling for 10 min on 50% of maximal working capacity immediately followed by 10 min on 80% of maximal working capacity. Ten minutes before exercise the subjects received in a randomized manner a bolus dose of naloxone (10 μg/kg) or a corresponding volume of saline followed by a slow infusion (15 ml/h) of naloxone (5 μ h−1 kg−1) or saline, respectively. 2. After exercise systolic blood pressure, heart rate, plasma catecholamines, PRA and plasma aldosterone increased during both saline and naloxone infusion. The changes were similar in both studies. 3. Accordingly, opiate receptors sensitive to naloxone in a moderate dosage seem not to be involved in the cardiovascular response and the increase in plasma catecholamines, PRA and plasma aldosterone induced by exercise.

Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism following physical exercise in man

To elucidate early metabolic adaptations of physical training obese and nonobese subjects were studied before and at different intervals after 1 h of bicycle exercise at 70% of maximal working capacity. Four h after exercise intravenous glucose tolerance (IVGT) and plasma level of alanine were decreased. Compared to the diurnal variation plasma concentration of cortisol was increased. Twenty-four hours after exercise plasma concentrations of cortisol and trihlycerides were decreased. Furthermore, plasma insulin during IVGT test was decreased and blood glycerol increased in the obese subjects. There were no changes in basal insulin, IVGT, or plasma levels of amino acids which were elevated in the obese subjects (valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine). Forty-eight hours after exercise plasma insulin during IVGT test and plasma triglycerides remained decreased in the obese subjects. Low cortisol levels 24 h after exercise might result in increased insulin effect leading to low plasma insulin levels seen in physically trained subjects. Elevated glycerol levels in the obese subjects might be the first sign of diminishing fat stores secondary to increased lipolysis.