Nepal-China Bilateral Economic Cooperation Empowering Nepalese Economy

Bilateral economic cooperation is one of means for improving economic, social and political relations between two countries. Nepal and China have been enjoying good neighborly respects and benefit since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1955. Both countries behave a good neighborhood relations and enjoyed fruitful bilateral cooperation and mutual support and following the social and economic development activities by exchanging cooperation in the areas of trade, tourism, investment and connectivity, building human capital and infrastructure and deepening people to people relations is at the center of Nepal-China bilateral relations. Within Nepal and China, there are marvelous possibilities promoting socio-economic transformation and raising the living standard of people through the mutual cooperation in the areas of mutual interest. Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is of great significance for Nepal and China. The present study is conducted with the aim of examining the economic impact of bilateral economic cooperation between Nepal and China. The impact of bilateral cooperation with China in Nepalese economy has been analyzed in terms of FDI flows, trade between Nepal, China and economic assistance from China to Nepal and tourists arrivals from China over the period of 2000-2019 by applying simple statistical tools and simple linear regression model. The results show that there have been positive influences on Nepalese economy with bilateral economic cooperation of China.

Монгол-оросын харилцаанд «монгол туургатан»-ы нөлөөлөх хүчин зүйл (= Факторы влияния «монгольского мира» на монголо-российские отношения)

Introduction. The article discusses Mongolian-Russian relations in the 20th century, paying particular attention to the definition of the concept “Mongolian World”, an important instrument of the bilateral relations, which has had a variety of interpretations so far. Analysis, as well as understanding of the five factors that this article indicates are of relevance to serve as tools for further expansion of the bilateral cooperation, including the field of cultural relations, which is naturally in the center of attention of both Russia and Mongolia. The subjects of the “Mongolian World” in the Russian Federation are seen as the research object of the present study, which aims to analyze the concept and to identify its role in the Mongolian-Russian relations. Methods used are general scientific, both empirical and theoretical. The application of comparative-functional and systemic approaches, as well as of modelling and logical parameters, was useful in identifying the essential and content-rich components within the framework of cooperation in the Mongolian world. Conclusions. As a result, the author concludes that the factors of the Mongolian world were instrumental in different periods of history in the interaction of Russia and Mongolia. Also, the article highlights the idea that the factor of the “Mongolian World” is constantly expanding in the bilateral relations.

“One Belt One Union” : Cooperation of Russia and China, and Mongolia’s Foreign Policy

The “2015 Joint Statement on Cooperation between Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Silk Road Projects” signed by Russia and China opened the bilateral cooperation among “Eurasian Economic Union” which consists of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan, and “One Belt One Union” of China (5+1). “One belt One Union” and “Eurasian Economic Union” separately, are the Political projects of Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping, acting as a new form of cooperative mechanism, and considered to have great impact on regional economic integration. The world is now watching whether these two nations are partners or rivals. For Mongolia, every action and decision made by the “One Belt One Union” is important as it influences our future development. This article intends to identify the cooperation of the two great nations which has major influence on Mongolia, and Mongolia’s foreign policy towards the cooperation.

Resilience in the Context of the Implementation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement

This article examines the extent of the practice of resilience in the process of the implementation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement (AA). Also, it analyses the main legislative and institutional tools promoting resilience of Ukraine’s market integration with the EU. Two cases are considered in this study. The first case is the launch of negotiations on the EU-Ukraine Agreement on Conformity and Acceptance of Industrial Products (ACAA). The second case is an EU-Ukraine Trade Dispute on Export Woods Ban. In both cases the EU institutions and Ukraine display a high degree of flexibility to pursue a policy of resilience to achieve a high degree of EU Internal Market rapprochement. In the case of Ukraine, the institutional mechanism of the EU-Ukraine AA remains unused as a forum to discuss effectively and to find solutions for impeding problems in the bilateral cooperation agenda. Therefore, a coherent, transparent, and effective institutional cooperation framework in the bilateral EU-Ukraine relations is still needed.

German-Algerian Relations by the Early 2020s in the Context of the Germany’s Regional Policy: Political and Military Aspects

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a noticeable increase in German efforts to ensure security in the Mediterranean Sea. This is part of the growing activities to ensure a strong strategic position in North and West Africa, including the settlement of existing armed conflicts here as sources of threats to instability for Germany and its EU partners. Consequently, Germany found itself increasingly interested in finding reliable strategic partners, one of which is Algeria, which makes the topic of this article relevant. The purpose of the study is to examine bilateral security and defense relations with a special focus on the second half of the 2010s and early 2020s with the help of comparative and event-analysis. Having an applied character, this topic has not yet found detailed coverage in the works of both domestic and foreign, especially German, researchers. The historic background of the German-Algerian dialogue is presented. The growth of high-level contacts in the second half of the 2010s is shown, with Germany having to focus on negotiations with the frequently changing figure of the Algerian prime minister. The article also explores the constraints for the cooperation of German and Algerian armed forces on land and sea, as well as the dynamics of military-technical cooperation. The bilateral cooperation in the resolution of the armed conflict in Mali, first of all, in its northern region (Gao, Kidal and Timbuktu) is considered. The political and diplomatic cooperation on the Libyan track in the middle and second half of the 2010s, as well as shortly after the Berlin Conference on Libya in January 2020, is revealed. In the early 2020s, there was a sharp decline in the intensity and volume of bilateral cooperation in almost all areas. In addition to COVID-19, the importance of domestic political factors and the temporary decline in the practical value of the partnership in Libya and Mali for Germany are stressed. A forecast of the dynamics of bilateral relations is finally given.

Progress of cooperation for sustainable development of the greater Mekong subregion and Vietnam's contribution

The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) includes the territories of the following countries: China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, established in 1992 because of the common flow of the Mekong River. With the goal of sustainable development, the operation of GMS has made many positive contributions to the general development of the region as well as the socio-economic development of the member countries. The article presents the process of Vietnam joining the GMS since 1992 and being a founding member of this organization with its advantages and limitations. It is a country located in the lower Mekong River, very vulnerable and vulnerable if the GMS cooperation process takes place without sustainability. As a country with a position in the region, a responsible member to the international and regional community, Vietnam participates in the GMS process with the desire to build the GMS into a region of peace and stability and develop. Therefore, overcoming barriers and difficulties, Vietnam has actively enhanced multilateral and bilateral cooperation and has made many positive contributions to GMS cooperation programs and projects. Vietnam's contribution shows the spirit of positive and proactive international integration.

The Russian Far East: from a depressed region to the territory of the future

The monograph presents the search for solutions to the problems of the Far Eastern region. The proximity of China and the remoteness from the center of Russia make us look for effective measures to overcome the problems of settling the Far East in the context of sustainable economic development of modern Russia. The paper analyzes the problems of the Far East: in industry, agriculture, forestry, energy problems, environmental problems, and provides recommendations for their solution. Considerable attention is paid to migration problems. The experience of China is studied through the prism of bilateral cooperation with Russia. It is intended for students, masters, postgraduates, researchers dealing with issues of macroeconomic regulation and forecasting.

THE EXPERIENCE OF DIGITALIZATION PROCESS IN RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN IN THE CONTEXT OF BILATERAL COOPERATION

The article examines the global tendency of digitalization as a driving force for the development of the modern world economy. The introduction and development of advanced digital technologies in all spheres of public life in Kazakhstan is one of the main priority areas of state policy. The authors identified similarities and differences in digital transformation through comparative analysis by comprehending the bilateral experience of digitalization between Russia and Kazakhstan. For this purpose, an analysis of the results achieved, strategic programs and documents on the application and development of digital technologies between the two countries was carried out. Also, a review of the features of the formation of public opinion regarding the joint development of the digitalization sphere was carried out.

The State of the Russian-Vietnamese Strategic Partnership

The survey presents organizers, participants and the main themes of the discussions on the state of the Russian-Vietnamese strategic partnership, held in Moscow by RAS IFE and in Hanoi by the Institute of European Studies of VASS in early December 2021. It analyzes the reports on the state and perspectives of bilateral cooperation in the crucial spheres, such as political, military-technical, socio- economic, scientific-technical, cultural and educational ones. The evaluation was of objective character: the experts noted both the achievements and the shortcomings, showed the existing hardships and explained their causes. Criticism prevailed; the common conclusion (while the approaches of the sides differed appreciably) was the acknowledgement of still existing serious problems in the crucial spheres of relations (especially in trade-economic relations), the determination of their current stage, which is the durability test in the conditions of the two worlds growing confrontation. The discussions in RAS and VASS have contributed to the search of the ways to rise strategic partnership of Russia and Vietnam to the appropriate level.

Pre-Eminent or Subordinate? An Organisational Environment Perspective on the EU’s Security Cooperation with asean and ecowas

Security cooperation with other regional organisations (ros) has long been a facet of EU foreign policy. The EU’s relationships with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (asean) and the Economic Community of West African States (ecowas) illustrate the variety of the EU’s engagement. In West Africa, the EU is a pre-eminent actor, occasionally dictating an agenda and marginalising ecowas. In Southeast Asia, the EU remains subordinate, facing an uphill battle for relevance in the security sphere and a closer relationship to asean. Prevailing explanations focus on the EU’s internal characteristics or bilateral cooperation dynamics, but fail to fully explain this discrepancy. Based on new interview information, this article argues that the organisational environment also affects the EU’s security cooperation with asean and ecowas. The presence of competitive environments limits the EU’s role in security cooperation and relegates it to a subordinate role. In the absence of competition, the EU is allowed to become pre-eminent.