Bilateral Relations Between Indonesia and China in The Era of President SBY's Administration

This study discusses the effect of China's economic revival on Indonesia's foreign policy orientation. Historically, the relationship between China and Indonesia, which had been severed in 1965 due to ideological conflicts and Indonesia's suspicion of China's support for the Indonesian communist party (PKI), has now been re-establish since the 1990s, which began with China's economic growth. Foreign policy is often caused by a combination of unexpected external forces with unfavorable structural factors. The continued stalemate in China-Indonesia bilateral relations has equally serious consequences for China. China's diplomatic failure against Indonesia has cost China, and that loss cannot be offset by the diplomatic gains generated by the opening of new relations with other ASEAN countries. This study tries to discuss this situation in depth using several approaches to find two variables that become the topic of this thesis: the rise of the Chinese economy and its influence on Indonesia's foreign policy. This research found that Indonesia's bilateral relations with China under the leadership of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ran normatively and without significant fluctuations.

THE CAUCASUS IN RUSSIAN-IRANIAN POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS AT THE END OF THE XVI CENTURY

В статье исследуется «кавказский вопрос» в российско-иранских политико-дипломатических отношениях в конце XVI в. В 1580–1590-х гг., в условиях усилившейся османской экспансии, между Сефевидским Ираном и Русским государством были налажены политико-дипломатические отношения. В указанный период отмечалась активизация внешней политики Ирана и Русского государства на Кавказе, которая была обусловлена его геостратегическим значением. Однако дальнейшему развитию двустороннего сотрудничества воспрепятствовала проблема разграничения сфер политического влияния в кавказском регионе. Важным условием достижения политического господства Казвина и Москвы на Кавказе являлась внешнеполитическая ориентация кавказских народов, которая была предопределена целым рядом факторов: географической близостью, общностью национальных интересов и традиционных культурных ценностей и стремлением к сохранению независимости путем политического лавирования между интересами трех держав. Кавказские народы, с одной стороны, принимали активное участие в организации освободительной борьбы против внешних завоевателей, с другой – стремились заручиться поддержкой могущественных соседних государств, выражая готовность к сохранению внешнеполитической ориентации, соответствовавшей их национальным интересам. На основе широкого круга архивных документов и мемуарной литературы комплексно исследуются политика Ирана и России на Кавказе, российско-иранские политико-дипломатические отношения, определены роль и место кавказского региона во взаимоотношениях двух стран в конце XVI в., а также показано воздействие турецкого фактора на трансформацию российско-иранских двусторонних отношений. Методологическую основу исследования составили методы исторического познания, основанные на принципах историзма, научной объективности и системного анализа. Caucasus, Iran, Russian state, Ottoman Empire, political and diplomatic relations, foreign policy. The article examines the "Caucasian question" in the Russian-Iranian political and diplomatic relations at the end of the XVI century. In the 1580s – 1590s, under the conditions of intensified Ottoman expansion, political and diplomatic relations were established between Safavid Iran and the Russian state. During this period, the intensification of the foreign policy of Iran and the Russian state in the Caucasus was noted, which was due to its geostrategic significance. However, the further development of bilateral cooperation was hampered by the problem of delimiting the spheres of political influence in the Caucasian region. An important condition for the achievement of the political domination of Kazvin and Moscow in the Caucasus was the foreign policy orientation of the Caucasian peoples, which was predetermined by a number of factors: geographical proximity, common national interests and traditional cultural values, and the desire to maintain independence through political maneuvering between the interests of the three powers. The Caucasian peoples, on the one hand, took an active part in organizing the liberation struggle against external conquerors, on the other hand, they sought to enlist the support of powerful neighboring states, expressing their readiness to maintain a foreign policy orientation that corresponded to their national interests. Based on a wide range of archival documents and memoirs, the policy of Iran and Russia in the Caucasus, Russian-Iranian political and diplomatic relations are comprehensively studied, the role and place of the Caucasian region in relations between the two countries at the end of the 16th century is determined, and the impact of the Turkish factor on transformation of Russian-Iranian bilateral relations is shown. The methodological basis of the research was formed by the methods of historical cognition based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and systems analysis.

Bolivia’s ambitious development plans face challenges

Significance The strategy, which has attracted criticism from opponents as being overly statist, is based largely on the policy orientation adopted by the Morales administrations between 2006 and 2019. Broadly, it seeks to promote economic diversification and import substitution under the aegis of an interventionist state. Impacts Import substitution will face problems arising from the scale of contraband shipped through neighbouring countries. Most of Bolivia’s main exports are capital intensive, providing only limited employment spin-offs. Fiscal constraints and lower reserves may limit the resources available for public investment.

German deal brings shifts in policy orientation

Headline GERMANY: New coalition will bring about a policy shift

Difficulties and Countermeasures of College Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship under the Background of "Internet Plus"

The advent of the "Internet plus" era has brought a new round of major opportunities for the development of innovation and entrepreneurship. College students, as the youngest subject of innovation and entrepreneurship under the new situation, face many opportunities and challenges as well as opportunities. Firstly, this paper analyzes the current situation of college students' innovation and entrepreneurship from the aspects of policy orientation, college education and social environment. Secondly, it points out the main difficulties faced by college students' innovation and entrepreneurship. That is, the policy guarantee is insufficient, the innovation and entrepreneurship education system needs to be improved, and the social level lacks support. Finally, it puts forward corresponding optimization suggestions for the above three aspects, which provides a valuable reference for the development of college students' innovation and entrepreneurship.

Essential Factors Influencing Malaysia’s Relations with the United Arab Emirates

This study analyses Malaysia’s relations with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as one of its important partners and the most rapidly developing country in the Middle East. It seeks to understand the bilateral relationship by identifying the essential factors that influence them. Apart from the systemic structure that presents no obstacle for the relations, the study has found two essential factors that play pivotal roles in solidifying Malaysia’s relations with the UAE. They are political–diplomatic engagements and socioeconomic opportunities. Hence, this study touches first on Malaysia’s early interactions with the UAE from an overview of foreign policy orientation and is followed by examining the political–diplomatic engagements and socioeconomic interactions, which shape the character of the relations. The findings show that besides significance of political–diplomatic engagements and socioeconomic interactions, the religious element is still germane. Though not in the manner of Malaysia’s traditional–religious interactions with some Middle Eastern countries, especially Saudi Arabia and Egypt, it visibly appears in the form of ‘Islamic commercial brands’ vis-à-vis the UAE that economically bind both countries to embrace more in Islamic finance and investment, halal industry, tourism, and education.

Greece will use its Western links in the Middle East

Significance This is the outcome of the Greek foreign ministry’s consistent policy orientation for the last few years, of intensifying relations with the Arab world while building excellent relations with Israel. It is a consequence of Greece’s rivalry with Turkey, siding with states in the region that have similar concerns about the latter’s hegemonic regional ambitions. Impacts Athens and Cairo will together define the loose ends of their bilateral maritime agreement through thorough delimitation of exclusive zones. Greece will intensify military cooperation with Israel and the UAE, especially in the context of their air forces. A new tripartite Greece-UAE-India partnership is developing, a counterweight to the growing relationship between Turkey and Pakistan.

The Origin and Evolution of Revisionism

As its title suggests, this chapter discusses the sources of revisionism and the various conditions that influence its development. It introduces historical cases such as Wilhelmine and Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union during the Cold War and contemporary Russia, imperial Japan between the 1880s and 1940s, the United States during its years of ascendance and today, and China during the Maoist years and since its reform under Deng Xiaoping. Whether a state becomes revisionist is not in its genes but is in part dependent on how it perceives its treatment in the hands of other established countries. States’ domestic and foreign circumstances interact to shape their foreign policy orientation.

Policy orientation, knowledge dynamic ability and green innovation: A mediation model based on China provincial panel data

Environmental supervision and government subsidy are important tools for government to promote green innovation. The influence of these two policy orientations on green innovation performance is spreading widely, but the specific indirect mechanism of policy orientation inducing green innovation needs further exploring. This paper introduces the knowledge-dynamic ability (knowledge production ability, knowledge acquisition ability, knowledge integration ability) into the analysis framework of enterprise green innovation, and studies the mediating effect of the knowledge-dynamic ability on policy orientation and green innovation. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2015, the empirical findings are as follows: Firstly, the knowledge-dynamic ability plays a remarkable mediating role in promoting between policy orientation and green innovation, which indicates that improving the knowledge-dynamic ability is a core mechanism of policy orientation to induce enterprise green innovation. Secondly, the knowledge-dynamic ability plays a complete mediating role in the relationship between environmental supervision and green innovation. Environmental supervision promotes green process innovation by enhancing knowledge acquisition ability and induces green product innovation by enhancing knowledge production ability. Thirdly, the knowledge-dynamic ability plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between government subsidy and green innovation. Government subsidy improves enterprise green process innovation by enhancing knowledge acquisition ability and knowledge integration ability, and induces enterprise green product innovation by enhancing knowledge production ability and knowledge integration ability.