Title I of the Americans With Disabilities Act and the Citrus Industry: The Mystery Unravelled

The Americans with Disabilities Act was passed to help some of the 43 million people in the United States with a physical or mental disability obtain employment. It prohibits discriminatory hiring and personnel practices against a “qualified” disabled individual, and requires employers to make certain accommodations, provided they are reasonable under the circumstances, to a “qualified” person’s disability. This mandate is designed to give a “qualified”, but disabled, individual the same opportunity for employment or advancement that the able-bodied have. Paper published with permission.

Tank Reaction System for Citrus Peel

The major nuisance of a citrus plant’s feed mill has to be the reaction system. Generally built as large screws with paddle, cut or ribbon flights these reactors require a lot of horsepower, often a lot of maintenance and because they are normally undersized, they are responsible for excessive waste heat evaporator scaling. Paper published with permission.

Coldpressed Citrus Oil Recovery

Coldpressed oil is one of the few by-products derived from the peel of the fruit which has continued to be economical to produce over the last couple of decades. Although the basic oil recovery process has been around for perhaps a century or more, technological advances have been made in more recent years in the development of more efficient processes and machine designs in terms of capacities, water conservation, effluent disposal, and automation. The basics of operating a coldpressed oil recovery system using some of the current technology will be discussed in this paper. Paper published with permission.

Ammonia Refrigeration and Osha Process Safety Management Programs

Developing an effective Process Safety Management Program involves the same four elements necessary for developing any other major piece of work. Proper fulfillment of any program relies on proper usage of all four of these elements. These elements are: planning, organizing, implementing and controlling. Planning sets the stage for the process by identifying the current status and establishing how progress will be checked. Organizing defines the resources that will be used in order to establish the program. Implementing is working with the people selected for the program and ensuring that all tasks associated with the program are fulfilled. Controlling is making adjustments to the original plan in order to achieve the desired results. Although identifying objectives is one phase of the planning process, it is necessary to first talk about this regulation and what it means for the ammonia refrigeration industry. Paper published with permission.

Mass Flow Meters and the Citrus Industry

Units of mass, length, and time constitute the basis of all physical measurement. As a fundamental standard of measurement, mass does not derive its units of measure from any other source. A pound is always a pound and is not affected by changes in temperature, pressure, density, or viscosity. This consistency makes mass an ideal property to measure. Paper published with permission.

Citrus Juice Processing in Brazil

The evolution of the Brazilian citrus processing industry is revised and the new trends are discussed. The production of Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice (FCOJ) in Brazil, mainly in the State of São Paulo is outlined. Comments on the technology and management strategies that have been used to keep the competitive position of the Brazilian citrus industry will be addressed. Special attention is dedicated to the constraints and the new opportunities that this important sector of the Brazilian industry will face in the near future. Paper published with permission.