Slavyanskiye ustoychivyye sravneniyas komponentom – nazvaniyemkhlebobulochnogo izdeliya

Slavic similes with the component bread and rolls and buns. The article considers certain lexical-thematic groups of Slavic similes which contain the names of bakery products. The analysis is conducted from the standpoint of structural and semantic modelling to identify the universality or national specificity of the comparison image. In some instances, non-Slavic material is also considered. Keywords: Slavic languages, phraseology, similes, semantic and structural modelling, semantics, motivation, bread, rolls and buns.

Rol' sobstvenno-otsenochnoy semantiki pri vyrazhenii laskovogootnosheniya v sovremennom russkom yazyke

The role of evaluative semantics in expressing tenderness in modern Russian This article is devoted to the study of the Russian language’s valuational units expressing affectionate relations, as well as their lexicographic description. The above-mentioned group of words has not received a proper description in the academic literature in comparison with the nominative-valuative vocabulary with diminutive and inflectional suffixes. Special attention is paid to thematic affiliation as a factor determining the degree of emotional evaluation. Lexical-thematic groups are distinguished – precious, divinity, light, sweetness – which define the expression of tenderness by means of metaphorical names. The traditional ways of expressing tenderness towards children, women and loved ones are highlighted. Cases of the revision, transposition and sensibilization of evaluation semantics were considered. The conclusions of this article can be used in the lexicographic description of Russian vocabulary and in the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language. Keywords: semantics, valuative meaning, thematic relevance, vocabulary, Russian language

Gry komputerowe jako hiperteksty

Computer games as hypertexts The article deals with the media-linguistic analysis of selected computer games, in particular focusing on the category of hypertextuality. Different types of computer games are analyzed, with the aim of demonstrating their media-conditioned heterogeneity. It will be examined whether they meet the criteria of hypertextuality and, if so, whether it is full or partial hypertextuality, i.e., whether a computer game is one hypertext as a whole or whether it is a creation composed of one or more hypertexts and possibly other elements. Within the scope of the analysis, it will also be verified whether computer games have specific features that distinguish them from the most popular form of hypertext – namely, from texts that are part of the WWW. Keywords: mediality, hypertext, computer game, textuality

Koronavirus – nevidimyy protivnik.Voyennaya leksika v yazykovom obrazepandemii v mediynykh tekstakh

COVID 19 – the invisible opponent. Military lexis in Russian media discourse During the coronavirus pandemic, linguistic innovations emerged in national languages, but many pre-existing words were also used to describe the new coronavirus reality. The purpose of the research is to analyze the implementation of the cognitive linguistic metaphor ‘Coronavirus is War’ in Russian media discourse. Using selected online media texts, specific words can be found that formulate the description of the fight against the pandemic in terms of war. Two main research findings emerge from this study. There are basic lexemes which enable activation of collective patterns of thought about the pandemic in terms of war. In the analyzed texts both narrowing and widening of the meaning of the keywords of the pandemic period can be seen. Lexical markers indicating the source domain of WAR are used regardless of the scale of the territory – it can be the world, country, city, hospital, apartment in which people protect themselves and others from the coronavirus. It can be concluded that military metaphor is effective in describing crisis situations such as the coronavirus pandemic. The use of this type of metaphor in media texts helps contain the threat, explain what is happening, as well as influence people’s behavior and direct their way of thinking to a specific domain. Keywords: coronavirus (COVID-19), military lexis, military metaphor, cognitive domain, media discourse

Obrazy natsional'nykh kharakterovi yumoristicheskiye personazhi balkanskikhnarodov Yuzhnoy Slavii skvoz'prizmu ikh stereotipnogo otobrazheniya v sovremennykh anekdotakh

Images of national characters and humorous characters of the Balkan peoples of South Slavia through the prism of their stereotypical reflection in modern anecdotes. This article reviews one of the small forms of folklore – anecdote and, more specifically, ethno-anecdote (ethnic joke) as a way of reflecting national specifics, national colour, a form of expression of the most characteristic features of the mentality and way of life of a certain people, nation, social group. Based on texts of anecdotes that are most typical and widespread in the area of the Slavic Balkans, the characteristics of representatives of the so-called “Serbo-Croatian dialect continuum” are explored. National specific qualities reflected in ethnic jokes and stereotypes are discussed. It is concluded that ethnic jokes, as a special thematic kind of anecdote, contain, among other things, important extralinguistic information and can become an objective source when studying the ethnolinguistic and culturological characteristics of a particular country and its inhabitants. Keywords: anecdote, national stereotypes, view of the world, Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, Montenegrins, image, symbol, national character

Aktivnyye russkiye poslovitsytematicheskoy gruppy «Sud'ba»i ikh serbskiye poslovichnyye sootvet·stviya (na fone kitayskogo yazyka)

Active Russian proverbs of the thematic group “Destiny” and their Serbian proverbial equivalents (in comparison with the Chinese language). The article is devoted to the comparison of proverbs in three languages (Russian, Serbian and Chinese) based on the multilingual dictionary of M. Yu. Kotova “Russian-Slavic dictionary of proverbs with English equivalents.” As a result of this analysis, the linguistic pictures of the world of the three nations are compared. The object of the research is the proverb as a linguocultural phenomenon, the subject is proverbs about fate in the Russian, Serbian and Chinese languages. The study reveals the common features of Russian, Serbian and Chinese proverbs about fate (thematic group “Destiny”), and also points out the differences. The work provides a definition of a proverb considered as the object of research in three languages; compares trilingual proverbs about fate in parallels, and also explores full proverbial parallels, proverbial parallels with another internal form (analogs) and lacunae. Keywords: proverb, paremiology, thematic group, destiny, Russian, Serbian, Chinese

O pewnym sposobie użycia form deminutywnych w języku rosyjskim XVII – początku XVIII wieku

On a certain way of using diminutive forms in 17th – early 18th century Russian. The author discusses suffixal appellative diminutive personal nouns which appeared in the etiquette formulations of Russian private correspondence dating from the 17th – early 18th century. The definition of the diminutives has been presented, with particular attention paid to the modification of the meaning of derivatives by isolating the suffixes in their structure. The same diminutive, when used to describe people, can have both a hypocoristic and a contemptuous meaning. Hypocoristic names, as a rule, define the recipient and his/her family members, while the contemptuous names describe the sender and their relatives. The most common suffixes are: -ка/-ко, -ок/-ек, -ишка/-ишко, -ушка/-ушко, -ошка, -онка, -ец, -ица. The history of the type of derivatives with the suffix -ишк- is particularly interesting. Keywords: diminutive noun, hypocoristic noun, suffix, derivative, appellative noun, epistolary etiquette, private correspondence

„Dziecko w skorupie”. Ograniczenia w nabywaniu mowy i języka przez jednostki z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu

“Child in a shell”. Limitations in the speech and language acquisition of children with autism spectrum disorders. Speech as audible communication is achieved due to the knowledge of a language. Speech acquisition does not always proceed smoothly and without any problems. Deviation from the proper development of speech is seen in the case of children with disorders of the development of speech and language, among whom children with characteristic autism spectrum disorders constitute a considerable group. The inability of using speech for communication is characteristic of this group of children. The article presents limitations in acquiring speech and language by children with autism as well as ways of opening them up to the world through the development of communication. Keywords: language, autism, speech and language development disorders

Afaryzm i malyya tekstavyya formy:suadnosnaye i ahul’naye (na materyyalye byelaruskay, ruskay, pol’skay, anhliyskay mow)

Aphorisms and small text forms: Comparability and generality (in Belarusian, Russian, Polish, English). The article discusses aphorisms and other small text forms in literary and folklore material in Belarusian, Russian, Polish and English. The place of aphorisms in the general classifications of small text forms, the relationship of aphorisms and literary sayings, proverbs, one-phrase texts, clichéd phrases, national varieties of literary and folklore works of small genres is determined. Aphorisms are contrasted with all other small text forms as a special type of phrasal unit on the basis of two of their obligatory features – the generalization of meaning and discursive autonomy. Keywords: aphorism, text, literature, folklore, small genres, Belarusian language, Russian language, Polish language, English language

Koronavirus – nevidimyy protivnik.Voyennaya leksika v yazykovom obrazepandemii v mediynykh tekstakh

Urban dialect as a determining factor of regional identity based on the example of the present-day urban dialect of the city of Poznań This paper presents urban dialect as a determining factor of local identity. The author analyses the definitions of dialect and shows the changing perception of this concept, as well as its nature and the current role. Regional identity and its correlation with the dialect is also addressed. The present considerations are explored through the example of the present-day urban dialect of the city of Poznań, which, despite of decreasing number of active users, shows an increase in popularity and willingness to cultivate it in forms that allow the language to be perceived in terms of regional identity. Local dialect of the city of Poznań is analysed in a historical context, showing the significant influence of the German language and the economic and social changes of the city on the language formation. The paper also investigates urban dialect from a modern perspective, discussing its appearance in radio, texts and books. Keywords: urban dialect, Poznań, dialect of the city of Poznań, regional identity, dialect in radio, dialect in texts and books