Effect of SNEDDS (Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System) kawista leaf aqueous extract (Limonia acidissima L.) on body and organ weight of Rats

SNEDDS (Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System) is a pharmacological method that can increase the bioavailability of a drug. Kawista leaf aqueous extract contains secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. SNEDDS preparation of kawista leaf aqueous extract has not been reported on its effect on body weight and organs of rats. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SNEDDS preparation of kawista leaf aqueous extract on body weight, liver and kidney weight of Rattus norvegicus in acute toxicity testing using the OECD 423 method. Data on body weight and organ weight of the liver and kidneys of female white rats of the Wistar strain were obtained during toxicity testing by acute OECD method 423. In this test, rats were divided into 3 treatment groups,namely control, SNEDDS, and SNEDDS of kawista leaf aqueous extract, with a total of 5 rats per treatment. The test was carried out in 2 terms of dosing according to OECD 423, wherein the second term the amount of the dose given was determined from the data on the response of the test animals to the dosage of the preparations in the first term. The results were analyzed using One Way ANOVA followed with Duncan. The results showed that the SNEDDS preparation of kawista leaf aqueous extract did not affect the body weight or the weight of the liver and kidneys of rats which was indicated from the statistical test results that there was no significant difference between treatments. This study conclude that SNEDDS preparation of kawista leaf aqueous extract did not affect the body weight or liver and kidney organs of rats.

Vivivary Tests on Mangrove Plants Species Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia alba Against the Level of Salt Salinity and Tide

Indonesia's coastal areas have a large area and potential for mangrove ecosystems. Of the approximately 15,900 million ha of mangrove forests in the world. 27% or 4,293 million ha are in Indonesia. The Sicanang Medan Belawan mangrove forest, North Sumatra Province, is a wetland area which mostly consists of mangrove forests. In the mangrove forest, there are Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia alba species. Mangroves have unique morphological characters as a form of adaptation to the environment, one of which is the salinity of sea water which is the level of salinity or salt content in seawater. In the mangrove forest of Sicanang Medan Belawan, there are Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia alba species which have the characteristics of vivivar culture development. From the results of test 1 on the species Rhizopora apiculata, it was found that the highest salinity level at the muddy and sandy station was 30 ppm, and the highest pH was at 7.79, and at a temperature of 29 C. While for Avicennia alba the highest salinity value was obtained at 30.6 ppm, the highest pH was at 7.82. , and temperature at 29.5 C. Based on the results that different zoning could affect yield, the vivivary shape of mangroves also had an effect on yield. salinity affects mangroves to develop, the higher the salinity, the more difficult it is for the seeds to develop