A study of plastic strain localization under static and dynamic loading using the StrainMaster non-invasive strain measurement system

Static and dynamic testing of specimens specially designed for studying the localization of plastic deformation in AMg6 and D16 alloys were performed on then electromechanical Testometric machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar using the StrainMaster system for noninvasive measurement of shape and deformation. Displacement and strain fields are plotted for special-shaped specimens of AMg6 and D16 alloys subjected to static deformation and dynamic loading. Comparison between the experimentally obtained strain fields and the results of numerical simulation made with account of the kinetics of microdefect accumulation in the examined material demonstrates good agreement to the accuracy of ~20%. The performed tests and their numerical simulation with consideration for the evolution of the defect material structure confirm the concept of the strain localization mechanism associated with the processes in the system of microdefects.

On a role of anisotropy and nonlinear diffusive effects during the construction of waveguides in the lithium niobate

Direct numerical simulation of a process of hydrogen diffusive intrusion into the lithium niobate monocrystal is fulfilled with reference to the manufacturing two-channel system of waveguides. The calculations were carried out according to the technology of waveguides production, taking into account the presence of several stages, which at first include the material saturation with the protons by treating the working surface with the melt of benzoic acid, and then annealing the sample. The contribution of the nonlinear diffusion to the process of the waveguide shaping is analyzed. It is shown that the formation of a stepped waveguide boundary is significantly influenced by the procedure of monocrystal annealing. Heretofore, the annealing stage was not quantitatively investigated. It can be emphasized that the attention has not been paid to the possible role of the annealing on formation of the sharper boundary between the waveguide and its mother substrate. A theoretical model of anisotropic diffusion in a solid material is constructed on the basis of experimental data, which indicate the presence of a transitional surface layer with pronounced regular mesostructural directions in the polished lithium niobate monocrystal. Based on the derived equations, the waveguides shape in a cross-section was simulated numerically for different values of inclination angle of the main axes with respect to the cut lines of the crystal. It is demonstrated that in the region of the waveguide bifurcation, when at the stage of protons intrusion the interaction of diffusive fluxes is possible, the diffusion anisotropy can lead to a breakdown of the waveguides symmetry, which can affect their optical properties.

Difference between Brownian and Néel relaxation mechanisms in a magnetizing field

Measurements of the dynamic susceptibility of a magnetic fluid based on cobalt ferrite particles stabilized in water by a double surfactant layer have been carried out. Cobalt ferrite, in comparison with magnetite, has a significantly higher energy of magnetic anisotropy. Therefore, for particles of cobalt ferrite, the Brownian mechanism of relaxation of magnetic moments is characteristic. The Debye (with a finite relaxation time) contribution to the dynamic susceptibility and the high-frequency (dispersionless) contribution are distinguished by constructing Cole-Cole diagrams. It was found that with an increase in the magnetizing field, the Debye contribution to the dynamic susceptibility decreases, while the high-frequency one (having a zero relaxation time) remains unchanged. The indicated property of the dynamic susceptibility of a fluid with a Brownian relaxation mechanism is radically different from the properties of the susceptibility of a fluid with Néel particles. Previously, measurements were made of the susceptibility of a fluid based on magnetite particles stabilized with oleic acid in kerosene. The magnetite particles have significantly lower anisotropy energy and are characterized by the predominance of the Néel relaxation mechanism. Turning on the magnetizing field caused a decrease in both the Debye part of the susceptibility and the high-frequency part of the susceptibility of magnetite particles.

Low-temperature antiferromagnetism of Ising model with competing interactions

The paper presents a numerical analysis of equilibrium state and spin configuration of square lattice Ising model with competing interaction. The most detailed description is given for case of ferromagnetic interaction of the first-order neighbours and antiferromagnetic coupling of the second-order neighbours. The numerical method is based on Metropolis algorithm. It uses 128×128 lattice with periodic boundary conditions. At first, the simulation results show that the system is in saturation state at low temperatures, and it turns into paramagnetic state at the Curie point. The competing second-order interaction makes possible the domain structure realization. This state is metastable, because its energy is higher than saturation energy. The domains are small at low temperature, and their size increases when temperature is growing until the single domain occupies the whole simulation area. In addition, the antiferromagnetic coupling of the second-order neighbours reduces the Curie temperature of the system. If it is large enough, the lattice has no saturation state. It turns directly from the domain state into paramagnetic phase. There are no extra phases when the system is antiferromagnetic in main order, and only the Neel temperature shift realizes here.

Dynamo-mechanical analysis of rubbers with mineral fillers in comparison with fillers widely used in the tire industry

The work is devoted to the study of nanocomposites based on synthetic (styrene-butadiene) rubber with different fillers not previously used. The issue of using composites with alternative fillers is being investigated. The results of experimental testing and analysis of thermo-visco-elastic behav-ior of styrene-butadiene rubbers filled by various mineral particles of micro and nanosize, as well as pyrolysis products of organic food waste, are presented. The filled elastomers discussed in this work are mainly used in the tire industry to improve the performance of tires. All samples were tested on a dynamo-mechanical analyzer (DMA). Temperature and frequency dependences of the dynamic modulus and loss modulus are plotted for each of the composites. The frequency charac-teristics corresponded to the real range of rotation speeds of the car wheel, and the temperature var-ied from –50 to +50ºC. A comparative analysis of the results obtained was carried out. The struc-tural mechanisms of the filler are not investigated. It is assumed that the principles of operation of the investigated fillers at the structural level are similar to those described in many works for clas-sical fillers. Based on the test results a conclusion about the preferable operating conditions for the considered materials was made.

Description of the macroscopic dynamics of populations of phase elements with white non-Gaussian noise based on the circular cumulant approach

We use the method of circular cumulants, which allows us to construct a low-mode macroscopic description of the dynamics of populations of phase elements subject to non-Gaussian white noise. In this work, we have obtained two-cumulant reduced equations for alpha-stable noise. The application of the approach is demonstrated for the case of the Kuramoto ensemble with non-Gaussian noise. The results of numerical calculations for the ensemble of N = 1500 elements, the numericalsimulation of the chain of equations for the Kuramoto–Daido order parameters (Fourier modes of the probability density) with 200 terms (in the thermodynamic limit of an infinitely large ensemble) and the theoretical solution on the basis of the two-cumulant approximation are in good agreement with each other.

About force of interaction of a point charge with a dielectric ball

The decision of a problem on force of interaction of a point charge with a dielectric ball which is represented in the form of the infinite sum is resulted. It is shown that in a case when dielectric permeability of a ball aspires in infinity, force of interaction aspires to force of interaction of a point charge with the conducting isolated ball which contains only one composed. n the basis of the received results the simple approached formula for calculation of force of interaction of a point charge and the dielectric ball, containing too only one composed is offered. Using the received formula, the problem about force of interaction of a point charge and the same charged dielectric ball is solved. For various values of parameters the neutral curves dividing scopes of forces of pushing away and an attraction are constructed.

Structure, physical and chemical properties of near-surface layers of optical materials modified by treatment in hydrogen plasma

The present paper aims to investigate the structure and properties of the near-surface layers of optical materials modified by treatment in hydrogen plasma (H-plasma). For this the quartz and soda-lime glasses, lithium niobate (LN) as delivered and LN after proton exchange were used. The structure and properties of the near-surface layers of optical materials were investigated by IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, atomic force microscopy, mode spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and wet chemical etching. During the treatment in H-plasma the hydrogen penetrated into the near-surface layers and caused increasing the number of defects in the structure of materials. Changes of the shape and intensity of the absorption peaks of OH–-groups and the θ/2θ- curves recorded from the LN samples processed in H-plasma were inconsequent, probably due to the thin modified layer. For the first time, a huge volume “swelling” (above 10 %) of the near-surface layers of LN and soda-lime glass after the processing in H-plasma was revealed. Also for the first time, the formation of thin strained layers on the surface of the LN after treatment in H-plasma was shown; the density reduction of the near-surface layers of the LN modified in H-plasma was described; the features of blistering and flaking were found on the surface of LN and soda-lime glass after their treatment for a long time (120–150 min). For the first time, the multilayer structure of the near-surface region of the LN was detected after treatment in H-plasma. In this paper we proposed the model of changes the structure and properties of LN after the treatment in H-plasma. The model explains the experimental results obtained in this study and previously published studies of other research groups. Due to the high concentration in the near-surface layers of optical materials after the H-plasma treatment, hydrogen predominantly forms pores and bubbles. Presumably the compounds of the Li2O–Nb2O5 system with a low Li content formed in the near-surface region of LN after the treatment in H-plasma. Modification of near-surface layers of optical materials in hydrogen plasma could be used to form elements of integrated-optical circuits, particularly the diffraction gratings.

To estimate the curing time of epoxy oligomer during nonisothermal polymerization process

The results of an experimental study and numerical modeling of the curing process of an epoxy binder under conditions of non-isothermal polymerization are presented. Object of research: twocomponent composition of "cold curing": epoxy resin L and hardener EPH 161, certified as a binder for aerospace composite materials. The measurements were performed on a Physica MCR 501 rotary rheometer in the oscillation mode under conditions of a programmable temperature change. The Cauchy problem for an ordinary differential equation describing the behavior of an oligomer during the curing process was used as the main model. The values of the material parameters necessary for performing the calculation operations were obtained by the rheological method, analyzing the dependence of the binder viscosity on the polymerization time and the rate of temperature change. Estimates of the model parameters obtained as a result of processing full-scale experiments aregiven. The effective values of the kinetic parameters are determined, at which the calculated yield loss time is in good agreement with the experimental one.

Regularization models for natural convection of a pseudoplastic liquid in a closed differentially heated cavity

Simulation of convective heat and mass transfer in systems filled with pseudoplastic fluids deals with computational difficulties due to the appearance of an infinite level of effective viscosity as the intensity of deformation rates tends to zero. To solve this problem, various regularization models are used by introducing a small additional term into the expression for the effective viscosity. The present research is devoted to analysis of widespread regularization models for studying the natural convection of a pseudoplastic fluid in a closed differentially heated cavity. The pseudoplastic nature of the fluid flow was described by the Ostwald-de Waele power law. Three regularization models were investigated, namely, the simplest algebraic model, the Bercovier and Engleman model, and the Papanastasiou model. The boundary value problem of mathematical physics formulated using the conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy, was solved by the finite difference method. The obtained results were compared with data of other authors.