Acute Toxicity Test Of The Green Viper Snake (Trimeresurus albolabris), Macroscopic Description Of The Kidney And Liver Of Mice (Mus musculus)

According to WHO (2010), the Trimeresurus albolabris snake is a venomous snake with a high number of bite cases in Indonesia. Information on the character and level of toxicity of snake venom in Indonesia, including Trimeresurus spp. snakes, is still minimal. This study aims to determine the LD50 value (lethal dose 50), clinical symptoms, and to determine the macroscopic appearance of the liver and kidneys of mice (Mus musculus) after being injected by a the white-lipped pit viper (Trimeresurus albolabris) venom. The LD50 value of Trimeresurus albolabris venom injected subcutaneously into mice was 5,09 mg/kgBW. Clinical symptoms that appear increased movement activity, increased respiratory rate, lethargy, decreased activity, and reduced grooming. Macroscopic appearance of the liver that looks abnormal is found (1) color changes in the form of pale, pale yellowish, and red spots (petechiae). (2) changes in surface structure found only one liver that is not flat. (3) changes in consistency in the form of brittle easily. In the kidney that looks abnormal, found (1) changes in color in the form of pale. (2) changes in surface structure were only found in one kidney in the form of nodules. (3) changes in consistency in the form of brittle easily and soft.

Morphological and Crystal-Chemical Features of Macro- and Microcalcifications of Human Aorta

Ectopic calcification or pathological biomineralization correlates with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Aortas with atherosclerotic lesions and biomineralization were selected for the study. Thirty samples of mineralized abdominal aortas (group M) were examined by histology. Depending on the calcifications size, samples were separated into group M1 (macroscopic calcifications) and M2 (microscopic calcifications). Each group consists of 15 samples. Calcification 2 mm or less were considered as microscopic, >2 mm—macroscopic. Thirty samples of aortic tissue without biomineralization (group C) were used as a control group. Aortic tissue was examined by macroscopic description, histology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of IHC showed the involvement of OPN in the formation and development of pathological biomineralization, but the obvious role of OPN in the differentiation of macro- and microcalcifications of atherosclerotic aorta was not revealed. SEM with X-ray microanalysis confirmed that the biomineral part of the aortic samples of the M1 group consisted mainly of apatites, which correspond to previous studies. The Ca/P ratio was less in the M2 group than in the M1 group. It means that microcalcifications can be formed by more defective (immature) hydroxyapatite.

Size Effects on Droplet Displacing Process in Micropores by Multiscale Modeling

Transport mechanisms of small droplets on walls in micropores become significant for applications in energy, resource and biomedical engineering, however, a suitable numerical tool remains challenging. Macroscopic approach is ideal both in computing cost and simplicity but its applicability is doubted for nanoscale droplet, yet no clear evaluation on when exactly does it become invalid has been made. This work evaluates the applicability of macroscopic approach for the displacing process of droplet in a micropore and investigates relevant size effects, by comparing the simulation results of multiscale modeling and macroscopic method. Three types of size effects affecting the displacement results are identified: Laplace pressure, low interfacial density, and breakdown of macroscopic description. For the system studied, the Laplace pressure dominates for relatively big droplet, then low density region becomes significant for drop diameter smaller than 18 times molecule diameter, and finally macroscopic description gradually fails for drop diameter smaller than 13 times molecule diameter. We further investigate the influences of system scale and fluid type on these size effects and discuss the relative importance of each size effect under different conditions. Results indicate that traditional macroscopic approach may be invalid even when continuum assumption still holds due to other size effects, and corrections for those effects can be made to extend the applicability of macroscopic method.

A numerical method for the approximation of stable and unstable manifolds of microscopic simulators

We address a numerical methodology for the approximation of coarse-grained stable and unstable manifolds of saddle equilibria/stationary states of multiscale/stochastic systems for which a macroscopic description does not exist analytically in a closed form. Thus, the underlying hypothesis is that we have a detailed microscopic simulator (Monte Carlo, molecular dynamics, agent-based model etc.) that describes the dynamics of the subunits of a complex system (or a black-box large-scale simulator) but we do not have explicitly available a dynamical model in a closed form that describes the emergent coarse-grained/macroscopic dynamics. Our numerical scheme is based on the equation-free multiscale framework, and it is a three-tier procedure including (a) the convergence on the coarse-grained saddle equilibrium, (b) its coarse-grained stability analysis, and (c) the approximation of the local invariant stable and unstable manifolds; the later task is achieved by the numerical solution of a set of homological/functional equations for the coefficients of a polynomial approximation of the manifolds.

UJI INVIVO EKSTRAK UMBI BAWANG HUTAN (Eleutherine americana Merr.) TERHADAP GAMBARAN MAKROSKOPIS ORGAN JANTUNG TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus)

ABSTRACTForest onion bulbs (Eleutherine americana Merr.), Including the Iridaceae family, have been used for generations by the Dayak people as medicinal plants for various types of diseases such as breast and colon cancer, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and stroke. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect and side effects of extracts of forest onion bulbs to the macroscopic description of cardiac organ in rats. Thirty male white rats Wistar strain was used as research object, which is divided into three groups of dose that applied with the ethanol extract of Forest onion bulbs orally (5mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 15mg/ml) and one group as controls for comparison. The tests were carried out for 15 days, with observations made against the body weight of rats, macroscopic observation of cardiac organ and observation of cardiac organ weights. The results showed that the provision of forest onion bulbs extract did not cause significant changes based on the graph of observations made on the macroscopic image of the heart organ and the weight of the rats. Keywords : Forest onion bulbs (Eleutherine Americana Merr.), cardiac macroscopic, white rat (Rattus norvegicus) ABSTRAKUmbi bawang hutan (Eleutherine americana Merr.) termasuk familia Iridaceae, secara turun temurun telah dipergunakan oleh masyarakat dayak sebagai tumbuhan obat untuk berbagai jenis penyakit seperti kanker payudara dan kolon, hipertensi, diabetes mellitus, hiperkolesterol dan strok. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh yang ditimbulkan dari konsumsi ekstrak Umbi bawang hutan terhadap gambaran makroskopis organ jantung pada tikus putih. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan hewan percobaan tikus putih jantan galur wistar berjumlah 30 ekor, yang dibagi dalam empat kelompok dosis yang diberi ekstrak etanol umbi bawang hutan secara oral yaitu (5mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 15mg/ml) dan satu kelompok kontrol sebagai pembanding. Masa pengujian dilakukan selama 15 hari, dengan pengamatan yang dilakukan berupa pengamatan berat badan tikus, pengamatan makroskopis organ jantung dan pengamatan berat organ. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ektrak umbi bawang hutan tidak menimbulkan perubahan yang signifikan berdasarkan grafik pengamatan yang dilakukan pada gambaran makroskopis organ jantung serta penimbangan berat badan tikus. Kata kunci : Umbi bawang hutan (Eleutherine americana Merr.), makroskopis jantung, tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus)

Anatomical study of the teres major muscle: description of an additional distal muscle slip

Background Understanding muscle and tendon anatomy is of tremendous importance to achieve optimal surgical execution and results in tendon transfers around the shoulder. The aim of this study was to introduce and describe an additional distal muscle slip of the teres major (TM). Methods Sixteen fresh-frozen cadaver shoulders were dissected with the deltopectoral approach. The ventral latissimus dorsi (LD) tendon was harvested, and the shoulders were analyzed for the presence/absence of a distal teres major slip (dTMs) and its dimensions and relationship with the TM and LD tendons. Results The dTMs was identified in 12 shoulders (75%). It was always distal to the TM tendon and visible during the deltopectoral approach. There was a clear separation between the TM proximally and dTMs tendon distally. At the humeral insertion, both tendons had a common epimyseal sheet around the teres major and inserted continuously at the humerus. The mean width of the dTMs tendon at the insertion was 13 ± 4 mm (range, 7–22 mm). The total lengths of the dTMs tendon and LD tendon were 40 ± 7 mm (range, 25–57 mm) and 69 ± 7 mm (range, 57–79 mm), respectively (p < 0.001). The dTMs muscle showed direct adhesions in ten shoulders (83%) with the LD muscle. Conclusions This is the first macroscopic description of an additional distal slip of the teres major muscle. The dTMs has a separate (distal) but continuous (mediolateral) insertion at the humerus within a common epimyseal sheet around the TM. The dTMs tendon is visible during the deltopectoral approach and can therefore provide a lead structure, particularly in ventral LD transfers with the deltopectoral approach.

Bridging the failure of surface asperities to the macroscopic rupture energy during the onset of frictional sliding

&lt;p&gt;The onset of sliding between two rough surfaces held in frictional contact arises through the nucleation and propagation of rupture fronts, whose dynamics has been shown to obey the elastodynamics of a shear crack. By analogy with the fracture energy controlling the growth of brittle crack in intact material, a frictional rupture is governed by an associated rupture energy. In the context of earthquakes, this rupture energy is expected to control the nucleation and the transition from an accelerating slip patch or localized perturbation to a propagating seismic rupture. The microscopic origin of this rupture energy and its relation to the microcontacts topography remain however unsettled.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this context, this study aims at bridging the macroscopic description of friction to the failure of contacting asperities and frictional wear prevailing at smaller scales. Recent studies demonstrated how the failure of two contacting asperities arises either by plastic deformation or brittle failure of their apices depending on whether their contact junction is respectively smaller or larger than a characteristic length scale. In this study, we investigate numerically how the different failure mechanisms of microcontact asperities impact the nucleation and propagation of frictional rupture fronts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;At a macroscopic level, we study the ability of an interface to withstand a progressively applied shearing, i.e. its frictional strength, while at the microscopic scale, we observe how the failure process develops across the microcontact junctions. We highlight how the microcontacts topography significantly impacts the nucleation and frictional strength, even when comparing interfaces with identical macroscopic properties and rupture energy. We present how the characteristic length governing microcontacts failure can be used to select which details of the surface roughness are homogenized along the tip of a nucleating slip front. Combining the approach proposed in this work with models solving normal contact between rough surfaces will open up new prospects to study the strength and rupture energy of frictional interfaces at the onset of sliding.&lt;/p&gt;

The electromomentum effect in piezoelectric Willis scatterers

Materials with asymmetric microstructure can constitutively couple macroscopic fields from different physics. Examples include piezoelectric materials that couple mechanical and electric fields and Willis materials that anomalously couple dynamic and elastic fields. Recently, it was shown anomalous coupling between the elastodynamic and electric field emerges when piezoelectricity is incorporated into Willis materials. Here, we investigate such one-dimensional piezoelectric Willis elements using heuristic homogenization, long-wavelength asymptotic analysis and numerical experiments. We show that an anomalous electromomentum coupling is necessary to explain the scattering properties of the asymmetric piezoelectric media by a macroscopic description that respects reciprocity and energy conservation. Our findings elucidate the origins of the electromomentum coupling and provide insight for the future design of this new class of coupled-field metamaterials.

Neutrino oscillations in matter: from microscopic to macroscopic description

Neutrino flavour transmutations in nonuniform matter are described by a Schrödinger-like evolution equation with coordinate-dependent potential. In all the derivations of this equation it is assumed that the potential, which is due to coherent forward scattering of neutrinos on matter constituents, is a continuous function of coordinate that changes slowly over the distances of the order of the neutrino de Broglie wavelength. This tacitly assumes that some averaging of the microscopic potential (which takes into account the discrete nature of the scatterers) has been performed. The averaging, however, must be applied to the microscopic evolution equation as a whole and not just to the potential. Such an averaging has never been explicitly carried out. We fill this gap by considering the transition from the microscopic to macroscopic neutrino evolution equation through a proper averaging procedure. We discuss some subtleties related to this procedure and establish the applicability domain of the standard macroscopic evolution equation. This, in particular, allows us to answer the question of when neutrino propagation in rarefied media (such as e.g. low-density gases or interstellar or intergalactic media) can be considered within the standard theory of neutrino flavour evolution in matter.

Description of the macroscopic dynamics of populations of phase elements with white non-Gaussian noise based on the circular cumulant approach

We use the method of circular cumulants, which allows us to construct a low-mode macroscopic description of the dynamics of populations of phase elements subject to non-Gaussian white noise. In this work, we have obtained two-cumulant reduced equations for alpha-stable noise. The application of the approach is demonstrated for the case of the Kuramoto ensemble with non-Gaussian noise. The results of numerical calculations for the ensemble of N = 1500 elements, the numericalsimulation of the chain of equations for the Kuramoto–Daido order parameters (Fourier modes of the probability density) with 200 terms (in the thermodynamic limit of an infinitely large ensemble) and the theoretical solution on the basis of the two-cumulant approximation are in good agreement with each other.