Association between Non-Medical Cannabis Use and Anxiety Disorders in Women

Introduction: Non-medical cannabis use and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent among Canadian women; however, the direction of this assocation remains controversial. The objective of this article is to provide an evidencebased update regarding the effect of non-medical cannabis on anxiety symptoms in women. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PsychINFO and MEDLINE for articles related to cannabis and marijuana use among women with anxiety or anxiety disorders. Only English language literature from 2010 to 2020 was reviewed. Studies including patients under the age of 18 and studies addressing medical cannabis were excluded. Four studies met our inclusion criteria for this review. Results: Cannabis use and anxiety disorders are both highly prevalent among young women. Other substance use in addition to cannabis is frequently reported by women. Reasons for cannabis use by women with anxiety differed from those of men. Findings did not show a direct association between cannabis use and anxiety symptoms. Women who used cannabis did not report higher rates of anxiety nor did anxiety predict the onset of cannabis use. Conclusion: There is no evidence to indicate that non-medical cannabis use worsens anxiety symptoms among women. Further studies should focus on reducing potential confounding factors and developing a reliable method of quantifying cannabis use in order to determine the direction of the interaction between cannabis and anxiety disorders among women.

Availability of Essential Medicines in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review

Objective: Essential Medicines (EMs) are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. Access to health care including EMs is a fundamental human right. In Ethiopia, studies designate the frequent drug shortages in public health facilities. Hence, this review aimed to assess and evaluate the national availability of essential medicines in Ethiopia. Method: A systematic searching for all study designs which are published and/or reported from inception to August 27/2019 strategy was conducted in two literature databases (Google Scholar and PubMed. Additionally, references of related articles were searched using different search engines. Data qualities were assessed by abstracting the quality procedures taken in each individual’s studies and cross checked with Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality appraisal criteria. Results: A total of 256 studies, including duplicates, were primarily searched. Nine studies were met current study inclusion criteria. All included studies were published from 2003 to 2019 G.C. Consequently, reviewed studies conducted a total of 356 public and private drug outlets. All studies used cross-sectional study design. The most frequent concepts emerged in these documents were regarding availability and affordability of EMs (5 Articles), availability and pharmaceutical inventory management (3 Articles), one document on availability and price. The average national availability of EMs was precisely in public and private facilities scored about 70.16% and 70.1%, respectively. Results from the sub-national study indicate that, the national average stock out duration in primary health care facilities was 99.2 days, highest in Benishangul Gumuz (139 days). The most frequently reported stocked out drugs within the past 6-12 months at the time of study were; ORS, Amoxicillin syrup 125mg/5ml, Tetracycline eye ointment and tablet, Ergometrine injection in Adama and chloroquine syrup in Gondar. Whereas, carbamazepine 100mg/5ml syrup, diazepam 5mg/ml ampoule, gentamicin 20mg/2ml ampoule and ibuprofen 100mg/5ml suspension were not found in any drug outlets in both public and private sectors at the day of visit in West Wollega. Conclusion: The finding of this review indicates the average national availability of essential medicines in Ethiopia is presently under the requirements of WHO recommendations. Moreover, the longer stockout period was also perceived in healthcare facilities. Thus, might need further attention of the respective stakeholders.

Knowledge of Rabies among Dog Bite Victims in Srinagar, Kashmir

Introduction: In Asia, rabies features a long history geological dating back to antiquity. For millennia, the disease had been thought-about an endemic for its prevalence. Rabies could be a serious public health concern, notably in Asia and the African continent. Methods: The present study was carried in Srinagar district. Regarding the knowledge of people, the interview schedule was formulated. As per Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC), the city is divided into two divisions; four zones and 34 wards. To exploit the diversity of population response, all the four zones were considered for the present investigation. Results: Regarding the knowledge of the disease rabies only a few, 15 % knew its transmission method. Only 15% knew about the identification of rabid dog and they also knew about its signs and symptoms. Following a suspect bite majority, 52.50% claimed they would seek medical care after the bite. About 100 % were aware they would go to the hospital after the bite. Only a few, 20% knew about the application of first aid before reaching the hospital. Conclusion: The study showed that victims lacked a complete perception of rabies. Factors influencing little awareness included lower socioeconomic rank and education suggesting that the maximum menace of rabies is probable to fall on the susceptible sectors of society, particularly poor members with slight or no proper education. The lack of inclusive awareness might interpret into elevated mortality allied to rabies. There is a need for sensitization of people so that their information can be improved and their optimistic attitude could be translated into apt practices for prevention/control of rabies.

Considering the Relationship between Internet Addiction, Happiness, and General Self-Efficacy in the Students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Internet addiction and happiness and general self-efficacy among students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population consisted of all students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and the sample consisted of 315 students. Data were collected using the Yang Internet Addiction, Scherer General Self-efficacy, and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Results: The results of this study showed that the mean age of students were 22.31 years and the sex ratio was almost equal (43.9% male and 56.1% female). 12.2% of students had severe Internet addiction behavior. The most frequent use of the Internet during the day was 2-4 hours (35.4%), which was the most time consumed during the night (63.2%). The results also showed that the mean score of self-efficacy was 59.88 ± 8.72, the mean score of Internet addiction was 53.59 ± 16.43, and the mean score of happiness was 41.09 ± 12.99. Conclusion: Daily use of the Internet on various websites by students with Internet addiction reduces their sense of happiness; this finding could be an alarm about the increase of this disorder among students. So appropriate planning in this field should be done with the cooperation of university officials.

Personality Styles and Organizational Effectiveness

Personality is among the human aspects that play a central role in an individual’s organizational behavior. The aspect influences a person’s manner of thinking, feelings, and behaviors, among other factors at the workplace. Moreover, a person’s attitude towards people and issues and their decisions and responses are highly dependent on their personality. Based on this argument, one can acknowledge the importance of undertaking a personality test at the places of work. This assessment is necessary for self-reflection and understanding and helping one learn how to better interact with other people. Understanding your personality is essential because this ties to job satisfaction and engagement. According to Redmond & Bower [1], job satisfaction refers to the positive attitudes or emotional dispositions people may gain from work or through aspects of work. Below is an analysis of my personality test. After taking the test, the results were ENFJ type, whereby the Extravert aspect was 47% and Intuitive 6%. Feeling and Judging came out as 41% and 19%, respectively. This test reveals that I have a rare personality that makes one quite sociable and likable among peers. The test describes me as an individual that is charismatic, warm, engaging, persuasive, and quite talkative, among other traits of a sociable person (Humanmetrics Inc, n.d.). It describes that I possess excellent interpersonal skills, and therefore have a considerably high likelihood of ending up in occupations that call for productive collaboration. The Humanmetrics Jung Typology Test is very similar to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test. The MBTI is widely popular and used in business, career counseling, management styles, and team building. I remember a few years back taking this test in a teambuilding exercise. As stated by Luthans et al. [2], the test yields four personality dimensions or traits: (1) introversion/extraversion, (2) perceiving/Judging, (3) sensing/intuition, and (4) thinking/feeling. Among the key strengthens of personalities of this type, according to the test, is that we are natural leaders. This factor means that this person is likely to find themselves in leadership and perform well in this role. Furthermore, this personality type is charismatic and tolerant; hence, they can appeal to their audience as well as take constructive criticism from others. However, this personality type can also be a weakness. For instance, I am likely to be too selfless and struggle to help others at the expense of their well-being. Noteworthy is that this personality type’s need to make everyone happy may affect my ability to make tough decisions when needed [3]. These weaknesses may affect our ability to lead objectively. The lessons learned from background materials in this model regarding the ENFJ positively impact my motivation to explore leadership and entrepreneurship. These goals require the ability to appeal to others and work collaboratively, which this personality type presents. These lessons are not limited to a specific situation but can be applied to various aspects of life. Furthermore, multiple elements of this personality type align with positive affect, a predisposition that supports job satisfaction [4]. As such, the test reveals that ENFJ individuals are likely to enjoy their jobs. I was delighted to find out one of the career choices for ENFJ was that of a physician. I was glad to see that this personality type is engaging and tries to please others because, as I stated earlier, this personality type is engaging. Perhaps this is why I am delighted with my career choice. According to Luthans et al. [2], job satisfaction results from employees’ insight into how well their job provides those things that are observed as necessary. It is typically recognized in the organizational behavior field that job satisfaction is the most important and frequently studied employee attitude. Some slight changes are necessary to improve the strengths and improve the weaknesses associated with this personality type. For instance, it is essential to focus on being more objective when making decisions than always to see the best in everyone. Why empathy is an admirable quality, objectivity is more necessary as an organizational skill. It is also essential to avoid being always overcommitted. For instance, being too much excited about a project makes it hard for one to make objective decisions when the said project has to be stopped. This improvement will be essential when deciding between quitting and continuing with such a project. These improvements reduce the weaknesses highlighted in this personality type.

Occupational Hazards among Health Workers in Hospitals of Mukalla City, Yemen

Background: Occupational health is a neglected public health issue among healthcare workers in developing countries like Yemen and they may expose them to various forms of hazards, which have had negative consequences on their wellbeing and performance at work. Objective: The study aims at exploring the forms of occupational health hazards prevalence and methods to mitigate these hazards among Health Care Workers (HCW) in governmental hospitals in Mukalla city. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study conducted among health workers in the main hospitals in Mukalla city in Hadhramout province in eastern Yemen. The sample size is calculated statistically as 366 workers from different categories including doctors, nurses and lab technicians. A sample of 391 workers were selected randomly who were distributed to be representative and proportional to the size of each professional category. Results: The prevalence of biological hazards among the healthcare workers accounted for 298 (76%) whereas the non-biological hazards accounted for 306 (78%). The most prevalent biological hazards are needle prick injury (80%) followed by exposure to contact with contaminated material (75%), while the most frequent non-biological hazards are back pain (79%) followed by extra-time work (72%). In logistic regression age, gender and duration of work and professional category have significant association with exposure of health workers to biological hazards while only gender is the only variable associated with non-biological hazards. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of occupational hazards (biological and non-biological) among health workers in hospitals of Mukalla city. A prevention and infection control and patient safety programs are highly recommended in Mukalla hospitals to save health workers and patients.