Zrínyi VII. Miklós részvétele a harmincéves háborúban (1642‒1644)

The estates of the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom, as it is well known, took an active role in the struggles of the Thirty years’ War (1618‒1648) on the Habsburg dynasty’s side. At the request of the monarch, many aristocrats and wealthy noblemen, who had been trained in the so-called small wars (German Kleinkriege) practised along the Ottoman border, raised especially light cavalry units and conducted them to the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Nicholas VII. Zrínyi/Zrinski (1620‒1664) the Croatian-Slavonian ban-to-be (1647–1664) himself recruited cavalry companies in three successive years (1642–1644), at the head of which he fought in Bohemia and Moravia against the Swedes as well as in upper Hungary against the troops of George I. Rákóczi, the Prince of Transylvania (1630–1648). Moreover, he was appointed as the supreme commander of the Croatian-type cavalry two times. The present gap-fi lling paper primarily aims to clear the chronology of Zrínyi’s field operations in these years. It also reveals his probable motives, the characteristics of the negotiations with the imperial high command as well as the gathering of the troops. The case study will enable us to draw conclusions about the military entrepreneurship of this kind, giving an impetus to the research of this neglected field of early modern military history.

Epizódok II. Ottokár 1273. évi hadjáratából

The paper introduces the principles of the translation of a running project that is aiming to publish all excerption of the Styrian Rhymed Chronicle with Hungarian regards. While giving a short overview about the research areas applying this source, chapters XCVI–XCVII. are also published in Hungarian as a prose translation. These chapters describe remarkable scenes of the campaign 1271 of Ottokar II against the Hungarian Kingdom and Styria as well as they refer to the murder of prince Béla of Macsó (Mačva) and describe the morals and the political infl uence of his mother, the daughter of Béla IV, Anna of Macsó (Mačva).

Záh Felicián ügye Mügelni Henrik német nyelvű krónikájában

The assault of Felician Záh on the royal family in 1330 was one of the most mysterious and painful aff airs of medieval Hungary. The case itself and Felician of Zah’s motivation to commit the crime are depicted in several nearby contemporary and later sources, but only a part of them discusses the reasons for the commitment of the crime. One of the earliest texts presenting both the events and the motivations is the Chronicle written by Henry of Mügeln, one of the most recognized Meistersingers of the 14th century. Henry of Mügeln is one of the first authors, who accuses Queen Elisabeth of Lokietek and her brother, the later Kasimir III the Great of Poland, to be involved into the events. The present paper gives an analysis of the German text, trying to give new approaches to its interpretations. Furthermore, by inserting the chronicle into the political circumstances in East Central Europe in the 14th century, the paper tries to explain the motivation of the author and his possible sources.

Miles tutus fuit – Venator interiit

The study deals with the history of a tombstone found at the archaeological excavations in the Franciscan church of Szigetvár in the winter of 2020. Th e archaeological find is remarkable in several respects. Its unique character is provided by the fact that its upper surface is covered not only with a coat of arms, but also with a lengthy Latin text. An investigation of the inscription revealed that the deceased, a certain Major (Supremus Vigiliarum Praefectus) Johann Collet, died in 1703 during a hunt in the vicinity of Szigetvár. The study briefly presents the historical context of the case: the situation of Szigetvár in the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, the use of the church by the Franciscan order, as well as the most important moments of the 2020 archeological excavation.

Egy ismeretlen ismerős a 13–14. század fordulójáról: Haab

The present paper deals with the ecclesiastical career of a Hungarian prelate, Haab, who lived at the turn of the 13th‒14th centuries. The exact stages of his ecclesiastical career and its chronology are not yet clarifi ed, and there are similar diffi culties with his kinship. Haab’s case is a good example of how research can use detailed archontological research to reconstruct the career of a given person and create an accurate prosopographic data sheet.

Az isteni jogalaptól a népszuverenitásig

The study intends to present the main features of the political doctrine commonly called by contemporaries the ‘divine right of kings’ in seventeenth-century England, and its transformation brought on by the ‘glorious revolution’ of 1688. The new version of the doctrine was named ‘divine right of providence” (G. Straka) and it was refl ected not only in written sources, the Bill of Rights included, but also in the change of the iconography of coronation coins. However, by 1714, the growth of the power of parliament led to a new perception of the right to the throne: popular sovereignty replaced divine will, which caused a major change in the imagery of coronation coins. Henceforward, for the rest of the century, in coronation coins power was conferred on the ruler not by the act of the Almighty but by the hand of the female allegorical figure of Britannia.

A pápai Kúria tagjai és a magyar javadalmak a 14. században: Petrus Begonis életpályája

The papal government was characterized by centralisation in the 14th century in which the tax system and the papal beneficial policy were two main factors. The Avignon popes strived to extend their influence on every stratum of the ecclesiastical hierarchy by rewarding the members of the Curia’s developing administrative system with benefices in the local churches. The changes in the functioning of the papal curia offered a great opportunity for a growing number of qualified clerics to build successful careers in the papal service. The process briefly described above had an impact on the contemporary ecclesiastical structure of the Hungarian Kingdom, as more and more clerics tried to obtain benefices with papal protection, especially in the second half of the 14th century. Soon not only papal officers, but cardinals and the members of their entourage held Hungarian ecclesiastical titles as well. The main aim of the present paper is to analyse the lifepath of a curialist, Petrus Begonis. First procurator of cardinal Guillaume de la Jugie, later papal chaplain, Petrus Begonis was granted various church offices – also in the Hungarian Kingdom – and charged with diverse diplomatic tasks in different parts of Europe (Hungary, Holy Roman Empire, Italy). His ecclesiastical career – spanning from the reign of Clement VI to that of Urban VI – gives an insight in the functioning of the papal curia in Avignon and helps us comprehend the administrational changes in the 14th century.

Budáról Rómába

Rome was the centre of European diplomacy from the middle of 15th century to the depredation of the city in 1527. The formation of certain countries’ foreign representations happened in this period, the appearance of the system of the residing envoys and their spread in a wide range. In this process, when the international relations were modernized, the Holy See, the Republic of Florence and of Venice served as a model. The Roman pope as the primary head of Christianity paid extra attention to the regular connections with the particular churches. As the centre of the Respublica Christiana in the second half of the 15th century, the Eternal City became the supranational heart of European diplomacy; as a consequence every princely court and Signoria was represented by an envoy on the banks of Tiber. The diplomatic representation of king Mathias Corvinus and the Jagiellonian dynasty in the Holy See was multilevel and continuous. In my paper, I am analysing the representation of the Kingdom of Hungary in Rome in the late Middle Ages by focusing on the following questions: What status and nationality did the appointed envoys have? What qualifi cations did they have and what was expected of the diplomats?

A bíboros legátusok kancelláriái a 14. században

From 1305 to 1378, the popes involved in 64 missions 40 cardinals (that is 26,7% of the members of the Sacred College of that period), either as legate (41%), or as legate and vicar general on the Papal States (7%), or only as nuncio (35%), excluding the vicars generals who were neither legate nor nuncio. In a (temporary) synthesis are studied the composition and the working of the legatine chanceries: the functions and the value of the chancellors, their relations with the judiciary court of the cardinal’s curia (audientia causarum curie); the various members of the chancery, notaries, secretaries, abbreviatores, scribes, registratores and all the familiares working in the „writing offices” of cardinals. On the other hand, the relations between the legatine chanceries and other chanceries (specially papal and royal ones) are observed in order to see their reciprocal influence and the effects on the development of the papal diplomacy. Two tables are proposed in appendix, a chronological table of all missions of these cardinals from 1305 to 1378 and a synthetic table of the members of the „writing offices” during legations and nunciatures or nor.

Karintia legkisebb plébánosa

This paper aims to represent the life and the historical works of Jakob Unrest, a priest and chronicler who lived in the late 15th century in Carinthia. His life is often depicted in the Hungarian historiography with a controversial topos: the parish priest who lived isolated from the world, yet he was able to write historical works based on wide range of sources. The paper tries to confront this image with the works of the German historiography which are mostly less known and cited in Hungary.