Quantitative and Molecular Behavioral Genetic Studies of Gene-Environment Correlation

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara R. Jaffee
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Gene Environment

scholarly journals Observed positive parenting behaviors and youth genotype: Evidence for gene–environment correlations and moderation by parent personality traits

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline W. Oppenheimer ◽  
Benjamin L. Hankin ◽  
Jessica L. Jenness ◽  
Jami F. Young ◽  
Andrew Smolen
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Parent Personality

AbstractGene–environment correlations (rGE) have been demonstrated in behavioral genetic studies, but rGE have proven elusive in molecular genetic research. Significant gene–environment correlations may be difficult to detect because potential moderators could reduce correlations between measured genetic variants and the environment. Molecular genetic studies investigating moderated rGE are lacking. This study examined associations between child catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype and aspects of positive parenting (responsiveness and warmth), and whether these associations were moderated by parental personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion) among a general community sample of third, sixth, and ninth graders (N = 263) and their parents. Results showed that parent personality traits moderated the rGE association between youths' genotype and coded observations of positive parenting. Parents with low levels of neuroticism and high levels of extraversion exhibited greater sensitive responsiveness and warmth, respectively, to youth with the valine/valine genotype. Moreover, youth with this genotype exhibited lower levels of observed anger. There was no association between the catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype and parenting behaviors for parents high on neuroticism and low on extraversion. Findings highlight the importance of considering moderating variables that may influence child genetic effects on the rearing environment. Implications for developmental models of maladaptive and adaptive child outcomes, and interventions for psychopathology, are discussed within a developmental psychopathology framework.

Introduction and Overview of Statistical Approaches to Gene × Environment Interactions for Complex Phenotypes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Windle
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Biological Pathway ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Individualized Intervention ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Complex Phenotypes ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Statistical Approaches

This chapter provides an introduction and overview of important issues that served as motivations for this book. For many complex phenotypes (e.g., depression, diabetes, obesity, substance use), there is substantial evidence that while genetic influences are important, so are environmental influences; moreover, there is substantial evidence from both behavior genetic studies (e.g., twin and adoptee studies) and molecular genetic studies (both human and infrahuman) that genes commonly interact with environmental factors in predicting complex phenotypes. The fields of genomics and other –omics (e.g., proteomics, metabolomics) provide exciting opportunities to advance science and foster the goals of public health and a more individualized intervention approach (e.g., precision medicine). The goals of these more individualized approaches would benefit greatly not only by advances in genomics and other –omics, but also by incorporating information both on environments and their interactions with genomic and other biological material and regulatory processes (e.g., environmental signal to biological pathway responses). Such findings would thereby offer more flexible guidance to a broader range of prevention, intervention, and treatment targets, and facilitate more tailored programs based on a fuller complement of G and E influences.

scholarly journals The Architecture of Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: Understanding Asia in the Context of Global Findings

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noraidatulakma Abdullah ◽  
John Attia ◽  
Christopher Oldmeadow ◽  
Rodney J. Scott ◽  
Elizabeth G. Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Asian Studies ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
Lifestyle Patterns

The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is rising rapidly in both developed and developing countries. Asia is developing as the epicentre of the escalating pandemic, reflecting rapid transitions in demography, migration, diet, and lifestyle patterns. The effective management of Type 2 diabetes in Asia may be complicated by differences in prevalence, risk factor profiles, genetic risk allele frequencies, and gene-environment interactions between different Asian countries, and between Asian and other continental populations. To reduce the worldwide burden of T2D, it will be important to understand the architecture of T2D susceptibility both within and between populations. This review will provide an overview of known genetic and nongenetic risk factors for T2D, placing the results from Asian studies in the context of broader global research. Given recent evidence from large-scale genetic studies of T2D, we place special emphasis on emerging knowledge about the genetic architecture of T2D and the potential contribution of genetic effects to population differences in risk.

scholarly journals Smoking and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad K. Oh ◽  
Lynne A. Murray ◽  
Nestor A. Molfino
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Considerable Morbidity ◽  
Smoking Interaction

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease of unknown etiology with considerable morbidity and mortality. Cigarette smoking is one of the most recognized risk factors for development of IPF. Furthermore, recent work suggests that smoking may have a detrimental effect on survival of patients with IPF. The mechanism by which smoking may contribute to the pathogenesis of IPF is largely unknown. However, accumulating evidence suggests that increased oxidative stress might promote disease progression in IPF patients who are current and former smokers. In this review, potential mechanisms by which cigarette smoking affects IPF, the effects of cigarette smoking on accelerated loss of lung function in patients with IPF, key genetic studies evaluating the potential candidate genes and gene-environment (smoking) interaction, diagnosis, and treatment with emphasis on recently closed and ongoing clinical trials are presented.

scholarly journals How Nonshared Environmental Factors Come to Correlate with Heredity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Beam ◽  
Patrizia Pezzoli ◽  
Jane Mendle ◽  
S. Alexandra Burt ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Longitudinal Models ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Environment Effects ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Over Time

Conventional longitudinal behavioral genetic models estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to stability and change of traits and behaviors. Longitudinal models rarely explain the processes that generate observed differences between genetically and socially related individuals. We propose that exchanges between people and their environments (i.e., phenotype-environment effects) can explain the emergence of observed differences over time. Such models, however, require violation of the independence assumption of standard behavioral genetic models, that is, uncorrelated genetic and environmental factors (Beam & Turkheimer, 2013; de Kort, Dolan, & Boomsma, 2012; Dolan, De Kort, Van Beijsterveldt, Bartels, & Boomsma, 2014). We review how specification of phenotype-environment effects contributes to understanding observed changes in genetic variability over time and longitudinal correlations among nonshared environmental factors. We then provide an example using 30 days of positive and negative affect scores from an all-female sample of twins. Results demonstrate that the phenotype-environment effects explain how heritability estimates fluctuate as well as how nonshared environmental factors persist over time. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying change in gene-environment correlation over time, the advantages and challenges of including gene-environment correlation in longitudinal twin models, and recommendations for future research.

scholarly journals Heritability of Personality

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Bratko ◽  
Ana Butković ◽  
Tena Vukasović Hlupić
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Dizygotic Twins ◽  
Intraclass Correlations

The aim of this study is to simplify the issue of the concept of heritability, to give an introduction to the behavioral genetic theory and methods, as well as to give an overview of the current knowledge about heritability of personality and the quantitative and molecular genetic approach to estimate heritability. Following that, results on heritability of personality are summarized. In addition, we reanalyzed all available behavioral genetic studies published before 2010, which were included in Vukasović and Bratko (2015) meta-analysis, to estimate the correlations between different family members: 1) monozygotic twins reared together; 2) monozygotic twins reared apart; 3) dizygotic twins reared together; 4) dizygotic twins reared apart; 5) mother and offspring; 6) father and offspring. Estimates of the family resemblance for personality were .54 from intraclass correlations for twin pairs reared together, .45 for intraclass correlations for monozygotic twin pairs reared apart, and .26 and .28 for familial aggregation. This finding is in line with the conclusion of the previous meta-analysis, which showed that the study design is a significant moderator of personality heritability, with twin studies showing higher estimates compared to family and adoption studies. Following that, findings from molecular genetic studies on personality and from gene-environment interaction studies are summarized. Finally, recommendations for future studies are given.

Challenges That Face Behavioral Genetic Studies: Researchers Perspective from the MENA Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar F. Khabour ◽  
Ahmed A. Abu-Siniyeh ◽  
Karem H. Alzoubi ◽  
Nihaya A. Al-Sheyab
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Variations ◽  
Responsible Conduct Of Research ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Behavioral Genetic

Background: Behavioral genetic studies are important for the understanding of the contribution of genetic variations to human behavior. However, such studies might be associated with some ethical concerns. Methods: In the current study, ethical challenges related to studies of genetic variations contributing to human behavior were examined among researchers. To achieve the study purpose, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region researchers were taken as an example, where the aftermentioned ethical challenges were discussed among a group of researchers, who were the participants of an online forum. Discussions and responses of the participants were monitored and were later qualitatively analyzed. Results: Discussions revealed that several ethical challenges, including subjects’ recruitment, the difficulty of obtaining informed consents, and issues of privacy and confidentiality of obtained data as information leakage, in this case, will lead to social stigma and isolation of the participants and their immediate family members. Jordanian social and cultural norms, faith, and the tribal nature of the population were raised as a major challenge that might face conducting behavioral genetic studies in the Arab populations of the MENA. The lack of regulation related to the conduction of genetic studies, misunderstanding, and misuse of genetic information are other challenges. A full explanation of genetic research and the current and future possible benefits/risks of such research could be potential solutions. Conclusion: In conclusion, the MENA populations are tackled with major challenges in relation to conducting research studies in genetics/antisocial behavior field/s. Establishment of guidelines related to genetic studies, capacity building, increasing public awareness about the importance of genetic testing, and enhancing responsible conduct of research will facilitate the conduct of such sensitive studies in the future in the region.

Two-Stage Procedures for the Identification of Gene × Environment and Gene × Gene Interactions in Genome-Wide Association Studies

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Kooperberg ◽  
James Y. Dai ◽  
Li Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Association Studies ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Sequencing Studies ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Genome-wide association studies and next generation sequencing studies offer us an unprecedented opportunity to study the genetic etiology of diseases and other traits. Over the last few years, many replicated associations between SNPs and traits have been published. It is of particular interest to identify how genes may interact with environmental factors and other genes. In this chapter, we show that a two-stage approach, where in the first stage SNPs are screened for their potential to be involved in interactions, and interactions are then tested only among SNPs that pass the screening can greatly enhance power for detecting gene-environment and gene-gene interaction in large genetic studies compared to the tests without screening.

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