Seed shape quantification in the model legumes: methods and applications

2019 ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
Emilio Cervantes ◽  
Ezzeddine Saadaoui ◽  
Ángel Tocino ◽  
José Javier Martín Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Seed Shape ◽  
Shape Quantification

scholarly journals Seed Geometry in the Vitaceae

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1695
Author(s):  
Emilio Cervantes ◽  
José Javier Martín-Gómez ◽  
Diego Gutiérrez del Pozo ◽  
Ángel Tocino
Keyword(s):  
Water Drop ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Geometric Models ◽  
The Family ◽  
New Models ◽  
Water Drops ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Five Tribes ◽  
Shape Quantification

The Vitaceae Juss., in the basal lineages of Rosids, contains sixteen genera and 950 species, mainly of tropical lianas. The family has been divided in five tribes: Ampelopsideae, Cisseae, Cayratieae, Parthenocisseae and Viteae. Seed shape is variable in this family. Based on new models derived from equations representing heart and water drop curves, we describe seed shape in species of the Vitaceae. According to their similarity to geometric models, the seeds of the Vitaceae have been classified in ten groups. Three of them correspond to models before described and shared with the Arecaceae (lenses, superellipses and elongated water drops), while in the seven groups remaining, four correspond to general models (waterdrops, heart curves, elongated heart curves and other elongated models) and three adjust to the silhouettes of seeds in particular genera (heart curves of Cayratia and Pseudocayratia, heart curves of the Squared Heart Curve (SqHC) type of Ampelocissus and Ampelopsis and Elongated Superellipse-Heart Curves (ESHCs), frequent in Tetrastigma species and observed also in Cissus species and Rhoicissus rhomboidea). The utilities of the application of geometric models for seed description and shape quantification in this family are discussed.

scholarly journals Geometric Models for Seed Shape Description and Quantification in the Cactaceae

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2546
Author(s):  
José Javier Martín-Gómez ◽  
Diego Gutiérrez del Pozo ◽  
Ángel Tocino ◽  
Emilio Cervantes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Shape Description ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Geometric Models ◽  
The Third ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
New Models ◽  
Peripheral Type ◽  
Analysis Of Variation ◽  
Shape Quantification

Seed shape in species of the Cactaceae is described by comparison with geometric models. Three new groups of models are presented, two for symmetric seeds, and a third group for asymmetric seeds. The first two groups correspond, respectively, to superellipses and the combined equations of two semi-ellipses. The third group contains models derived from the representation of polar equations of Archimedean spirals that define the shape of asymmetric seeds in genera of different subfamilies. Some of the new models are geometric curves, while others are composed with a part resulting from the average silhouettes of seeds. The application of models to seed shape quantification permits the analysis of variation in seed populations, as well as the comparison of shape between species. The embryos of the Cactaceae are of the peripheral type, strongly curved and in contact with the inner surface of the seed coat. A relationship is found between seed elongation and the models, in which the genera with elongated seeds are represented by models with longer trajectories of the spiral. The analysis of seed shape opens new opportunities for taxonomy and allows quantification of seed shape in species of the Cactaceae.

scholarly journals Seed Geometry in the Arecaceae

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Gutiérrez del Pozo ◽  
José Javier Martín-Gómez ◽  
Ángel Tocino ◽  
Emilio Cervantes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Model System ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Algebraic Equations ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Geometric Figures ◽  
Phoenix Canariensis ◽  
Geometric Representations ◽  
First Time ◽  
Shape Quantification

Fruit and seed shape are important characteristics in taxonomy providing information on ecological, nutritional, and developmental aspects, but their application requires quantification. We propose a method for seed shape quantification based on the comparison of the bi-dimensional images of the seeds with geometric figures. J index is the percent of similarity of a seed image with a figure taken as a model. Models in shape quantification include geometrical figures (circle, ellipse, oval…) and their derivatives, as well as other figures obtained as geometric representations of algebraic equations. The analysis is based on three sources: Published work, images available on the Internet, and seeds collected or stored in our collections. Some of the models here described are applied for the first time in seed morphology, like the superellipses, a group of bidimensional figures that represent well seed shape in species of the Calamoideae and Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud. Oval models are proposed for Chamaedorea pauciflora Mart. and cardioid-based models for Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl. Diversity of seed shape in the Arecaceae makes this family a good model system to study the application of geometric models in morphology.

scholarly journals Seed Shape Quantification in the Malvaceae Reveals Cardioid-Shaped Seeds Predominantly in Herbs

Botanica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Javier Martín Gómez ◽  
Diego Gutiérrez del Pozo ◽  
Emilio Cervantes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Shape ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
Percent Similarity ◽  
Shape Quantification

AbstractSeed shape in the Malvaceae and other families of the order Malvales was investigated. Seed shape was quantified by comparison with the cardioid. The J index is the percent similarity between both images, the seed and the cardioid, and similarity is considered in cases where the J index is over 90. Seed shape was analysed in 73 genera, and seeds resembling the cardioid were found in 10 genera, eight in the Malvaceae and two in the Bixaceae and Cistaceae. Seed shape was quantified by comparison with the cardioid in 105 species. A correlation was found between the values of the J index and plant form, with higher values of the J index in the seeds of herbs, intermediate – in bushes, and lower values in trees. The results suggest a relationship between seed shape and plant form, where seeds resembling the cardioid are associated with plants having small size.

Systematics, Biogeography, and Morphological Character Evolution of the Hemiepiphytic Subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Zuluaga ◽  
Martin Llano ◽  
Ken Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
R Package ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Tropics

The subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) is the third richest clade in the family, with ca. 369 described species and ca. 700 estimated. It comprises mostly hemiepiphytic or epiphytic plants restricted to the tropics, with three intercontinental disjunctions. Using a dataset representing all 12 genera in Monsteroideae (126 taxa), and five plastid and two nuclear markers, we studied the systematics and historical biogeography of the group. We found high support for the monophyly of the three major clades (Spathiphylleae sister to Heteropsis Kunth and Rhaphidophora Hassk. clades), and for six of the genera within Monsteroideae. However, we found low rates of variation in the DNA sequences used and a lack of molecular markers suitable for species-level phylogenies in the group. We also performed ancestral state reconstruction of some morphological characters traditionally used for genera delimitation. Only seed shape and size, number of seeds, number of locules, and presence of endosperm showed utility in the classification of genera in Monsteroideae. We estimated ancestral ranges using a dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model as implemented in the R package BioGeoBEARS and found evidence for a Gondwanan origin of the clade. One tropical disjunction (Monstera Adans. sister to Amydrium Schott–Epipremnum Schott) was found to be the product of a previous Boreotropical distribution. Two other disjunctions are more recent and likely due to long-distance dispersal: Spathiphyllum Schott (with Holochlamys Engl. nested within) represents a dispersal from South America to the Pacific Islands in Southeast Asia, and Rhaphidophora represents a dispersal from Asia to Africa. Future studies based on stronger phylogenetic reconstructions and complete morphological datasets are needed to explore the details of speciation and migration within and among areas in Asia.

Detection and Mapping of RAPD Markers Associated with QTL Affecting Seed Size and Shape in Common Bean

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 547b-547
Author(s):  
Soon O. Park ◽  
Dermot P. Coyne ◽  
Geunhwa Jung ◽  
E. Arnaud-Santana ◽  
H. Ariyarathne
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Group ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Rapd Marker ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Seed Length ◽  
Ri Lines

Seed size is an important trait in common bean. The objective was to identify RAPD markers associated with QTL for seed weight, seed length, and seed height in a molecular marker-based linkage map in a recombinant inbred (RI) population from the common bean cross of the larger seeded (100 seed/39 to 47 g) PC-50 (ovate seed shape) × smaller seeded (100 seed/26 to 35 g) XAN-159 (flat rhomboidal seed shape). The parents and RI lines were grown in two separate greenhouse and two field (Wisconsin, Dominican Republic) experiments using a RCBD. Continuous distributions for seed weight, seed length, and seed height were observed for RI lines indicating quantitative inheritance. One to three QTLs affecting seed weight explained 17% to 41% of the phenotypic variation. Two to three QTLs for seed length explained 23% to 45% of the phenotypic variation. One to four QTL associated with seed height explained 17% to 39% of the phenotypic variation. A RAPD marker M5.850 in linkage group 3 was consistently associated with seed weight, seed length, and seed height in all experiments and explained 7% to 13% of the phenotypic variation for these traits. A seedcoat pattern morphological marker (C) in linkage group 1 was associated with seed weight and seed height in two greenhouse experiments.

scholarly journals 4-CPA (4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid) Induces the Formation and Development of Defective “Fenghou” (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) Grape Seeds

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 515
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Liu ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Wenjiang Pu ◽  
Haifeng Zhu ◽  
Jinjun Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Outer Integument ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Grape Seeds ◽  
Endosperm Tissue ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fruit Setting ◽  
Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid

For some horticultural plants, auxins can not only induce normal fruit setting but also form fake seeds in the induced fruits. This phenomenon is relatively rare, and, so far, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, “Fenghou” (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) grapes were artificially emasculated before flowering and then sprayed with 4-CPA (4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) to analyze its effect on seed formation. The results show that 4-CPA can induce normal fruit setting in “Fenghou” grapes. Although more seeds were detected in the fruits of the 4-CPA-treated grapevine, most seeds were immature. There was no significant difference in the seed shape; namely, both fruit seeds of the grapevines with and without 4-CPA treatment contained a hard seed coat. However, the immature seeds lacked embryo and endosperm tissue and could not germinate successfully; these were considered defective seeds. Tissue structure observation of defective seeds revealed that a lot of tissue redifferentiation occurred at the top of the ovule, which increased the number of cell layers of the outer integument; some even differentiated into new ovule primordia. The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that 4-CPA application regulated the expression of the genes VvARF2 and VvAP2, which are associated with integument development in “Fenghou” grape ovules. Together, this study evokes the regulatory role of 4-CPA in the division and continuous redifferentiation of integument cells, which eventually develop into defective seeds with thick seed coats in grapes.

A Seed Shape Mutant of Arabidopsis That Is Affected in Integument Development

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Leon-Kloosterziel ◽  
Christian J. Keijzer ◽  
Maarten Koornneef
Keyword(s):  
Seed Shape

scholarly journals Short-term study on the yak dung seed bank on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: effects of grazing season, seed characteristics and forage preferences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shulin Wang ◽  
Fujiang Hou
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Foraging Preferences ◽  
Seed Characteristics ◽  
Yak Dung

Abstract Aims Viable seeds in herbivore dung constitute the dung seed bank, and the contribution of livestock dung to this seed bank in grazing pastures is often overlooked. Grazing season (warm and cold), seed characteristics (size and shape), and forage preference are the main factors that affect the size and composition of the dung seed bank and ultimately affect grassland ecology. However, how these three factors interact is unclear. Methods We collected yak dung as well as seeds of the common plant species from warm- and cold-season alpine meadows in northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and explored how grazing season (warm and cold), seed characteristics (size and shape) and foraging preferences (temporary cages method) affects yak dung seedling density, richness and diversity in an alpine pasture. Results Forty-three plant species (mainly perennials) germinated from yak dung. Dung seedling density, richness, and diversity did not differ significantly between the two grazing seasons. Small to medium-sized spherical seeds (seed size < 10 mg, shape index < 0.5) had the greatest germination potential. Conclusions Yaks vary their forage preference depending on the season (phenological period), and endozoochory occurs throughout both grazing seasons. Seed shape and size directly regulate the dung seedling density, richness, and diversity. Dung seedlings increase the heterogeneity of the aboveground vegetation near the microsites of the dung pieces and therefore promote grassland patching. Our study demonstrates that grazing season, seed characteristics, and yak forage preferences affect the dung seed bank in grazing ecosystems.

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