Effects of Short-term and Long-term Aluminium Stress on Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Reproductive Capacity in a Unicellular Green Flagellate (Euglena gracilis)

AbstractField-rearing studies of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) conducted at Saskatoon from 1960 to 1962 indicated that marked differences often occurred in rate of development, survival and fecundity because of differing weather patterns. Grasshoppers usually developed more rapidly as they hatched later in the season when temperatures were rising. In addition, striking differences occurred in growth rates of grasshoppers hatched on similar dates in different years due to sharply contrasting climatic conditions. Although survival of nymphs was generally high, mortality was consistently greatest during early nymphal life. Precipitation or excessively hot weather during this period increased mortality considerably, yet did not affect the older nymphs. Survival of adults was also generally high whether they fledged early or late in the season. They were able to endure very high temperatures during mid-summer or below freezing temperatures during late autumn. The three-year average reproductive capacity of this grasshopper was approximately eight egg-pods or 176 eggs per female. The rate of oviposition varied with temperature, reaching a maximum per female of approximately one pod every four days during mid-summer when temperatures were high and declining thereafter as temperatures dropped. The average egg-pod contained 22.13 eggs which showed a tendency to increase as adults fledged later in the season.It is suggested that climatic conditions frequently play a decisive role in the short-term modification of grasshopper infestations as well as in the long-term cyclic rise and fall in populations; consistently favourable or unfavourable conditions throughout the grasshopper cycle could result in an explosive outbreak or in almost complete elimination of any threat to the crop.

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Biochemical indexes of blood of different genotypes of pigs

Pig breeding the interdepartmental subject scientific digest ◽

10.37143/0371-4365-2020-74-07 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 62-67

Author(s):

Vasyl Voloshchuk ◽

Malvina Huk

Keyword(s):

Stress Resistance ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

The Body ◽

Reproductive Capacity ◽

State Enterprise ◽

Enzymatic Reactions ◽

Short Term ◽

Large White ◽

Glucose Content

Changes in technological processes, feeding conditions, content have a great influence on the mechanism of adaptive response of pigs. Distinguish between short-term and long-term adaptation. Long-term adaptation is defined over several generations by reproductive and fattening qualities. Short-term one is studied by blood indexes (biochemical, hematological), ethology, physiological features. There are many stressors that affect pigs, impair their reproductive capacity, digestive processes, and can lead to the death of animals. Therefore, the question now is to create animals of such genotypes, which must have high meat quality and stable homeostasis. With severe stress or constant irritation, this affects the stability of the blood composition. Blood indexes are known to reflect the internal physiological state of animals. Blood reflects hormonal and enzymatic reactions, performs protective functions of the body. That is why we have set the goal of studying the biochemical and hematological indexes of blood of pigs of different genotypes. The study was carried out at the State Enterprise "Stepne" and the laboratories of the Institute of Pig Breeding and agro-industrial production of NAAS. For the study we formed three groups of pigs of 5 heads: purebred the Large White (LW×LW) and local the Large White×Mirgorod (LW×M), the Large White×Mirgorod+1/ 8Pietren(LW×M+1/8P). Blood was taken from pigs in the morning before feeding with a large ear vein. The studies were performed according to conventional methods. Pigs of the LW×M+1/8P local group were found to have high glucose content, an indicator of the effects of stress on the body. Also in this group of pigs were identified leukocytosis, which can be the result of stress. The eosonophils and basophils were slightly underestimated in pigs of the LW×M+1/8P group, which also confirms the previous findings on the reduced stress resistance of pigs. Other indicators that are responsible for the clinical stability of the organism were within normal limits. There was also a slight increase in total protein in pigs in the local LW×M, LW×M+1/8P pigs, which indicates accelerated metabolic processes in the body that can be caused by overfeeding. In purebred LW×LW and local LW×M groups of pigs, all biochemical and hematological parameters of blood were within the normal range, which indicates their stress resistance. Key words: pigs, resistance, adaptation, blood, hematological parameters, biochemical indexes.

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Effects of stress administered during pregnancy on reproductive capacity and subsequent development of the offspring of rats: prolonged effects on the litters of a second pregnancy

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1000301 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 100 (3) ◽

pp. 301-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

I. Pollard

Keyword(s):

Emergency Response ◽

Subsequent Development ◽

Plasma Corticosterone ◽

Reproductive Capacity ◽

Gestation Length ◽

Subsequent Growth ◽

Short Term ◽

Corticosterone Concentration ◽

Stressed Group

ABSTRACT The effects of high-anxiety-producing stress administered to rats during pregnancy were studied. The birthweight of offspring of both sexes from the stressed group was found to be significantly lower compared to birthweights of rats from unstressed mothers. The subsequent growth rates, however, were not affected. Mortality rate was significantly higher in the stressed group, although litter size, gestation length and sex ratios were not affected. Mean plasma resting corticosterone levels of the young pups did not differ between the two groups although they rose significantly as they aged in all groups. The offspring of both sexes from stressed mothers responded differently from the controls when subjected to short-term stress (one session) in adulthood. Their increase in plasma corticosterone concentration was significantly below that of the controls. This difference in response was abolished with long-term stress (10 days) when the males, but not the females, had habituated to the stressor. The observed inability to respond adequately to a sudden environmental change suggests a defective emergency response. Lingering effects due to stressing were also found. Male offspring of a second litter, conceived by the original mothers 8 weeks after the discontinuation of stress, had significantly lower birthweights than those of the controls. The subsequent growth rate of neither sex was affected nor was the response to short-term stress. J. Endocr. (1984) 100, 301–306

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Sublethal Effects of Methanolic Extract of Raphia hookeri on the Reproductive Capacity of Clarias gariepinus

Advances in Zoology ◽

10.1155/2014/615908 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adedotun O. Afolayan ◽

Temitope I. Borokini ◽

Gloria O. Afolayan

Keyword(s):

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

Reproductive Capacity ◽

Pituitary Hormone ◽

Short Term ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Male And Female ◽

Raphia Hookeri ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Gravid Females

Raphia hookeri fruits are used for fishing in Nigeria due to their ichthyotoxic properties. This study investigated the toxic effects of R. hookeri on the reproductive capacity of Clarias gariepinus. The results from both short-term (96-hour test) and long-term (3-month sublethal test) bioassays revealed a linear relationship between R. hookeri extract dose and negative effects on the catfish. The percentage survival of both sexes of the catfish decreased with increasing extract concentration at short-term exposure, with LC50 values of 600 mg/L and 800 mg/L for male and female, respectively. At long-term exposure, the reproductive capacity of 10–12-month-old male and female brood-stocks diminished at relatively higher concentrations of R. hookeri fruit extract, with the gravid females producing fewer and mostly unviable eggs. The fruit extract also affected the eggs’ hatchability and fry survival when the exposed gravid females were treated with pituitary hormone and sperms from unexposed males, while the exposed males were unable to sexually stimulate female brooders. Sperms and pituitary hormone from exposed males were infertile, leading to low percentage of hatched eggs and mortality of the few hatched fries within 24 hours. These results confirmed the ethnobotanical use of this fruit extract for fishing in Nigeria.

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Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x15000928 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

Author(s):

Mary C. Potter

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽

Language Comprehension ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Visual Presentation ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

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Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100159412 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 374-375

Author(s):

D.E. Loudy ◽

J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽

J.T. Yarrington ◽

F.Y. Thompson ◽

J.P. Gibson

Keyword(s):

Antidepressant Drug ◽

Beagle Dogs ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Platelet Counts ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

Induced Aggregation ◽

Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

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Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

American Journal of Audiology ◽

10.1044/2020_aja-20-00018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 710-727

Author(s):

Beula M. Magimairaj ◽

Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽

Alexander V. Sergeev ◽

Natalie J. Benafield

Keyword(s):

Auditory Processing ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Group Differences ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Significant Group ◽

Term Memory ◽

Memory And Attention ◽

Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

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