Bactericidal activity of drugs from Juglans Regia to the microflora of livestock premises in organic pig breeding

The introduction of the newest technologies of organic pig breeding has the basic principle of minimizing the use in pigs of chemicals, trace amounts of which in pig production adversely affect the quality of products and the health of consumers. The transition to herbal remedies, the maximum possible rejection of chemical synthesis products, is inhibited, in the main, by the relatively small spectrum of plant compounds with the investigated activity. According to the results of previous studies, six working solutions of Juglans regia L phytosupply extracts - potential phytosine disinfectants were developed: To investigate the bactericidal activity of the experimental preparations of Juglans regia, flushes were made from the internal structures and technological equipment of the housing of the pig stock of the experimental base v. Takhtaulove. Obtained samples of typical banal microflora of the pig complex were mixed to obtain a bacterial-containing suspension averaged over the concentration of microbial bodies and the spectrum of types of microflora in the microbiota. When cultured on nutrient media, with the superficial sowing of a suspension of banal microflora of a pig in the presence of a potential phytodisinfectant, processes of development of individual colonies of the microflora are observed. The amount and intensity of their development, the degree of inhibition of life, assess the level of bactericidal activity of the extracts. The highest bactericidal and fungicidal activity, and consequently, the potential efficacy as a possible disinfectant in the technology of organic pig breeding was revealed by the extracts of phytosupply Juglans regia L No. 2 (extractant - acetic acid to 5 %, nut of wax ripeness) and 4 (extractant, alcohol 20 % nutrient wax ripeness (proven after obtaining the primary extract of up to 5 % alcohol), which have bactericidal properties against gram-positive cocci and gram-negative sticks, but have a weak effect on the spore-forming bacilli. Key words: organic pig breeding, bactericidal activity, phyto-disinfectant, commonplace typical microflora of a pig complex, phyto row materials, walnut extract.

Change of quality indexes of premixes in the storage process

The analysis of literature sources shows that the type and material from which the packaging is made has an important place in the system of factors which influence on the storage of feed products and also prevents reducing the quality of raw materials and finished products. Therefore, the purpose of our research is the technological justification of changing the quality indexes of premix samples with salts of trace elements of different chemical nature in the process of storage. For the solution of the tasks, common zootechnical and statistical methods of the research were used. The use of premixes in feeding pigs is based on the fact that they should be used taking into account the biogeochemical properties of the region for which they are calculated. Foods depending on regional properties have a special biochemical composition and excess or lack of individual substances should be offset by the composition of premix. Ignoring this provision necessarily leads to the inappropriate use of BAR, the misbalance of the diet in relation to the physiological needs and inefficiency of the industry. In turn, it requires the purchase and conservation of products for the period of use. Various chemical structures and structures of BAR during the storage process react differently and change qualitative indexes, which leads to a decrease in the productive activity of active substances. It was determined that the humidity of premixes varied within the limits of 12.0-13.0 %, which exceeded the normative, but was not critical, the highest acidity had premix with sulfuric acid salts (6.9 units), the least - premix with lysates (5.7 unit). According to the results of the study, positive qualitative responses were found for the presence of vitamins A, D and B2, macro- and micronutrients: potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, cobalt, iodine. The above facts of changes in the properties of premixes in the process of storage must be taken into account when providing technological bases for feeding pigs in order to obtain high gains and the quality of manufactured products. Key words: premix, micro-and macro elements, combined fodders, fodder mixes, chelating compounds, feeding, using, pigs' livestock.

Research of the activity and viability of spermatozoa at different concentrations and proportions of diluents after incubation

The results of studies of the viability of spermatozoa with different incubation time at different concentrations and using different diluents are highlighted in the article. (Un) concentrated spermatozoa were diluented: 1) with their native plasma; 2) medium 199; 3) a mixture of equal volumes of plasma and medium 199. The experiment was designed to generate experimental samples with spermatozoa concentrations prepared according to the method, namely: 0.2; 0.1; 0.05; 0.025 billion / ml. The sperm was evaluated after 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. The perspective of such a study is significant and makes it possible to research various aspects of the subject in a wide range. In this regard, a series of experiments were conducted in this area. The data obtained are statistically processed and allow us to highlight the results that relate to each stage of the study. In particular, in this article it was found out some regularities between the viability of sperm, the type of diluent and the rate of rarefaction, as evidenced by the data presented in the tables. As a result of sperm incubation, the viability of spermatozoa remains at least the highest trend when sperm are diluted to a concentration of 0.1 billion / ml, regardless of the type of diluent used. To maintain the viability of sperm using this concentration of medium 199 is not better than its native plasma, and its mixture with an equal volume of plasma through any length of time incubation of such sperm. Most often it is at this concentration of sperm that their viability is characterized by the lowest coefficient of variation, regardless of the type of diluent used, which may indicate the greatest stability of the result under these conditions. The viability of spermatozoa with a concentration of 0.1 billion / ml is statistically significantly reduced only after 6 or even 8 hours of incubation. If the sperm are incubated for only 2 hours, regardless of the type of diluent used, the sperm concentrations tested do not affect the viability of the sperm. Key words: boar, spermatozoa, sperm plasma, concentration, incubation, medium 199, activity, viability, rarefaction.

Innovative approaches in the organization of closed waste-free production of organic pork using cultural and natural agricultural land

The mobile house for two-phase litter rearing piglets was developed in the conditions of pasture their housing, the feature of which is that its side walls and roof are made in the form of two similar in shape and length of arched panels. In the back wall of the inner shield is a litter box, a self-feeder for piglets, a feed unit for a sow and a wicket, and in the front wall of the outer shield are doors with a wicket. Along with this, all walls and the roof of the litter box are made of transparent plastic, and the wall located near the self-feeding trough is also made perforated. In addition, the lower edge of the side wall of the inner arch-shaped shield has slides in which the lower edge of the side wall of the outer arc-shaped shield is inserted. A house with transformable fences has been developed to rear the young pigs. The structural feature of the house is the presence on the outside of the walls of the bobbins with a metal mesh edged at the bottom with a flexible sleeve. In order to ensure the conditions of gentle etching of the vegetation cover and to prevent damage to the turf of the pasture, the house can be completed with another type of hedge consisting of two hinged sections with doors on each side of the fence. In addition, the horizontal wings are rigidly attached to the hedge and connected by a metal mesh around the perimeter, the size of the cells of which ensures that the grass is eaten but prevents the turf of the pasture from being undermined. The developed devices for camp-pasture and feeding of maternal stock, suckling pigs, weaning pigs, repair and fattening pigs are well suited for year-round closed non-waste organic pork production using cultural and natural agricultural land. Key words: housing, feeding, devices, sows, piglets, young animals, pasture, organic pork.

Indexes of reproductive ability and their repeatability in sows of different genotypes, taking into account the polymorphism g.1426g> a of the Mc4r gene

The results of studies of the reproductive ability of sows of different genotypes are given taking into account the polymorphism g.1426G> A of the MC4R gene, the factor of repeatability of characters is determined, and the economic efficiency of the research results is calculated. The experimental part of the research was carried out in the conditions of the «Druzhba-Kaznacheevka» LTD in Dnipropetrovsk region. The objects of research were sows of the Large White breed. It was determined that sows of the main herd, according to signs of reproductive ability, belong to class I and class elite. The experiment showed that sows of genotype AG exceeded their peers of others (GG and AA) in terms of “born piglets total, heads” by 1.6 and 0.7 heads, “Live piglets born (multiple births), heads - by 1 6 and 0.9 heads, “the mass of the litter at the time of birth, kg” - by 2.7 - 1.3 kg., “the mass of the litter at the time of weaning at the age of 28-35 days, kg” - by 5, 1 - 3.9 kg. The difference between animals of the indicated genotypes is: for large-foetus - 0.06-0.01 kg, the index "evenness of the sow’s litter in live weight of piglets at birth, points" - 1.05-1.84 points, index of N. D. Berezovsky - 3.75 -2.36 points. The index of the safety of piglets before weaning ranged from 84.4 to 93.0 %. It was proved that the minimum value of the index “evenness of the sow’s littar in live weight of piglets at the time of birth, points (7.76 ± 1,082 points) are characterized by sows of genotype AA, in which the rate of multiple pregnancy ranged from 8 to 14 pigs, and the value of the sign“ large-foetus, kg "equaled 1.37 kg. The repeatability coefficient for sows of the main herd and sows of the Large White breed of different genotypes for the melanocortin 4 (MC4R) receptor gene ranges from -0.916 ± 0.1418 (І-IV farrow, genotype - GG, sign - “piglet safety before weaning, %) to 0.978 ± 0.0738 (I-V farrow, genotype - GG, sign - “large foetus”, kg ”). The maximum value of the phenotypic consolidation coefficient was found in sows of genotype AA according to the following quantitative characteristics: “live piglets (multiple births), heads.”, “litter weight at the time of birth, kg”, “litter weight at weaning age of 28-35 days, kg "," the safety of piglets before weaning ,% ". The sows of the genotype GG belong to the unconsolidated group according to the signs of reproductive qualities. The use of sows of the genotype for the melanocortin 4 (MC4R) AG receptor gene provides additional products at the level of 5.15 %, and its cost is 165.41 UAH /head. Keywords: sow, breed, reproductive ability, MC4R gene, genotypic consolidation coefficient, variability, correlation, repeatability.

Optimal timing of artificial insemination in gilts

In the article it is highlighted the results of research on the features of cervix permeability and optimal periods of fertilization in pubertal gilts. Five high-productive boars of the Large White breed, aged 18-36 months, were used in experiments and evaluated for the quality of sperm. The start of the estrus was carried out using a test boar. In the first experiment to determine the permeability of the cervical canal, 3 groups of the Large White breed were formed for 15 heads in each, which were inseminated at the onset: of the first (1st group), the second (2nd group) and the third period of the estrus at the age of 6 - 8 months. Gilt were fertilized with a sperm dosage of 70 ml of a diluent containing 2 billion of spermatozoa. In the second experiment to determine the optimal timing of insemination, 66 gilt of the Large White breed aged 8 to 9 months, live weight 110-130 kg, with clear signs of the start of proestrus, estrus and diestrus were used. The beginning of the estrus was set twice a day at 7 o'clock and 19 o'clock. The doses of sperm (2 billion of spermatozoa in 70 ml of diluent) were injected into the gilts according to the following scheme: Group I - after the prescribed period of the estrus - 0 hours; Group II - after 6 hours; III - group - 12 hours; Group IV - 18 hours; V - 24 hours; VI - 36 hours. It has been determined that cervical permeability increases with age of gilts and the number of reproductive cycles. In gilts, in the first reproductive cycle, the permeability of the cervical canal is 4.61 cm and intensively increases twice: 1.9 (p <0.001) (2nd estrus) and 2.5 times (p <0.001) (3rd estrus). The introduction of sperm by the intracerviсal method on the third period of the estrus allows them to be fertilized at a level of 86 % and receive 10.2 newborn piglets.Cervix permeability in gilts increases from the beginning of the estrus for the next 24 hours. The high indexes of their reproductive capacity are determined at the introduction of sperm dosage in 24-36 hours after the onset of the estrus. The number of live newborns piglets was maximal when sperm is introduced into cervix of gilts in 12; 24 and 30 hours after the start of the estrus. The live weight of newborn piglets depends on the period of the introduction of sperm into the pigs, being maximal at the start of the estrus, and in 24 and 30 hours after the introduction of sperm. The postponement of the procedure up to 36 hours leads to a decrease of this index (p <0.001). Key words: reproductive cycle, estrus, cervix, fertilization, sperm, gilt.

Innovative aspects of the scientific support for the pig breeding industry

The innovative scientific developments of the Institute of Pig Breeding and agroindustrial production of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, which were and are of great importance for the field science and practice, are reflected in the historical sequence. A number of scientific, indispensable for agricultural production developments were obtained almost during the first decade since the founding of the Institute (1930 - 1940). The studies at that time were, as a rule, carried out under the order of the Union State Commissar Committee and the People's Commissars of the USSR directly, as well as the VASKHNIL, to which the Institute was subordinate. Almost from the first day the task was set regarding the solution issues related to the organization and techniques of pig farming, as well as the study of best practices on the methods and ways of conducting the industry on a scientific basis. The work gives a short list of tasks and their performance on the problems of feeding, selection and breeding pigs, as well as the subsequent development of the technology of production of the pig products of pig breeding industry. Experimental studies of the peculiarities of the functioning of the digestive system, later became the theoretical basis for the development of feeding standards for pigs of different age, sex and production groups. It was in the pre-war period, through the complex reproductive crossing of local black-and-white pigs of the Mirgorod region (Poltava region) with the boars of 5 other breeds, the Myrgorod breed of pigs was created. The Second World War forced for some time to suspend its activities. In the post-war years, work on the development of theoretical and practical issues of further improvement of breeds and creation of new ones, feeding and housing pigs, pain of in-depth study of the physiology of reproduction, complex mechanization of production processes and more was started even more effectively. As a result of many years of breeding work, their domestic pig breeds were created:the Poltava Meaty, theUkrainian Meaty, The Red White belted, high-productive types in the Large White breed and a number of other genotypes that meet modern requirements. The innovative technological developments are also given. Key words: innovative developments, breeding achievements, technological projects, business plans, implementation.

Evaluation of haploid diversity of sows of the Large White breed of the pedigree factory of the State enterprise “Experimental enterprise “imeni 9 Sіchnja”

The development and use of effective selection programs accelerated the genetic improvement of breeds, advances in feeding technology allowed for optimal nutrition, and the creation of identical and strictly controlled production conditions, a uniform and strictly controlled production environment led to the replacement of local pig breeds with highly productive transboundary breeds. This development of the industry has led to increased concern about the erosion of genetic resources. The number of purebred boars of the Large White breed in 1973 amounted to 98.3 % of the total number of boars of this breed, and sows - 38.9 %. These data allow us to assume that significant haploid diversity could persist in the individual pedigree factory of the Large White breed. Thus, the subject of our study was the assessment of the haploid diversity of the Large White sows of the pedigree factory of the State enterprise “Experimental enterprise “imeni 9 Sіchnja”, the Institute of Pig Breeding and AIP NAAS of Ukraine. For the study, samples of the bristles of 25 sows of the Large White breed of the SE "Experimental enterprise "imeni 9 Sіchnja" of the Institute of Pig Breeding and AIP NAAS of Ukraine, representing all families. DNA isolation from bristles was performed using a Chelex-100 ion exchange resin. Mitochondrial haplotypes were determined using PCR-RFLP analysis according K. F. Pochernyaev (2016). Among the sample of breeding pigs of the Large White breed of the SE “Experimental enterprise “imeni 9 Sіchnja”, mitochondrial haplotypes B1, B2, C, G, and J1 were identified. In previous studies, seven mitochondrial haplotypes were found among pigs of the Large White breed of Ukraine, which were found with different frequencies. The haplotypes G (14.1 %), J1 (13.3 %) and N (5.91 %) were found with the highest frequency; much less often - haplotypes A (0.3 %), B1 (1.9 %), C (9.2 %) and L (2.2 %). Thus, our studies have shown that the mitochondrial haplotypes B1, B2, C, G, J1 found in the sample of breeding pigs of the Large White breed of the SE «Experimental enterprise «imeni 9 Sіchnja» typical for pigs of the Large White breed of Ukraine except haplotype B2. Important for the restoration of the Mirgorod breed of pigs is the existence in the herd of pigs of the Large White breed of the SE “Experimental entewrprise“imeni 9 Sіchnja” animals having haplotype B1 inherent to Myrgorod breed. Thus, our studies have shown that in sows of the Large White breed breeding farm SE “Experimental enterprise “imeni 9 Sіchnja”, significant haploid diversity remains, which must be maintained at a high level in the future. Key words: pigs, the Large White breed, haplotype, mitochondrial genome, PCR-RFLP.

Biochemical indexes of blood of different genotypes of pigs

Changes in technological processes, feeding conditions, content have a great influence on the mechanism of adaptive response of pigs. Distinguish between short-term and long-term adaptation. Long-term adaptation is defined over several generations by reproductive and fattening qualities. Short-term one is studied by blood indexes (biochemical, hematological), ethology, physiological features. There are many stressors that affect pigs, impair their reproductive capacity, digestive processes, and can lead to the death of animals. Therefore, the question now is to create animals of such genotypes, which must have high meat quality and stable homeostasis. With severe stress or constant irritation, this affects the stability of the blood composition. Blood indexes are known to reflect the internal physiological state of animals. Blood reflects hormonal and enzymatic reactions, performs protective functions of the body. That is why we have set the goal of studying the biochemical and hematological indexes of blood of pigs of different genotypes. The study was carried out at the State Enterprise "Stepne" and the laboratories of the Institute of Pig Breeding and agro-industrial production of NAAS. For the study we formed three groups of pigs of 5 heads: purebred the Large White (LW×LW) and local the Large White×Mirgorod (LW×M), the Large White×Mirgorod+1/ 8Pietren(LW×M+1/8P). Blood was taken from pigs in the morning before feeding with a large ear vein. The studies were performed according to conventional methods. Pigs of the LW×M+1/8P local group were found to have high glucose content, an indicator of the effects of stress on the body. Also in this group of pigs were identified leukocytosis, which can be the result of stress. The eosonophils and basophils were slightly underestimated in pigs of the LW×M+1/8P group, which also confirms the previous findings on the reduced stress resistance of pigs. Other indicators that are responsible for the clinical stability of the organism were within normal limits. There was also a slight increase in total protein in pigs in the local LW×M, LW×M+1/8P pigs, which indicates accelerated metabolic processes in the body that can be caused by overfeeding. In purebred LW×LW and local LW×M groups of pigs, all biochemical and hematological parameters of blood were within the normal range, which indicates their stress resistance. Key words: pigs, resistance, adaptation, blood, hematological parameters, biochemical indexes.

A method of determining the area of the "muscular eye" in pigs

For breeding practices, determining the meaty of pig carcasses is of particular importance, especially when looking for ways to improve the meat quality of the fattening livestock. It is determined that the correlation coefficient of the "muscle cell" area with the total amount of meat in the carcass is within 0.40-0.70, so using this method allows to determine the content of meat in the carcass with a high degree of probability. There are several ways to determine the muscle cell area. The main ones are area determination using a planimeter or calculation method, but they have some disadvantages. One of the disadvantages of using a planimeter requires special skills, and the calculation method not only gives great error in calculations, but also requires a preliminary thorough acquaintance with the method of determination. Another major drawback, in our view, is the lengthy process of determining why they can practically not be used to determine the carcass meaty during slaughter. The main task was to develop a method for determining the area of the "muscular cell", which would allow it to be measured in production conditions with high accuracy and minimal labor time. Samples of the "muscular cell" imprints were taken for the research, which determined their area in two ways: planimetric and the method of comparing the mass of the test sample of the paper print with the mass of the control sample of the known area. Measurement of the area of the test muscle "muscle cell" cut along the contour of the imprint is carried out by weighing it on the analytical balance. Before that, a control sample is prepared in the form of a quadrilateral, close in size to the size of the test samples. The control sample is cut from paper of the same density as the test prints made during the slaughtering. Using the method of weighing on analytical scales gives a much more accurate result, does not require special skills, and it takes only a few minutes to obtain the result. Thus, the use of analytical scales allows to find in a short time the weight of the test sample and the mass of cut out prints of the "muscular cell", and to determine their area by the formula. The use of a weighted method for determining the area of the "muscular cell" will allow to make measurements in production conditions, to control the meaty of carcasses and to control the breeding process in pig production, which will contribute to the significant progress of industrial pig breeding. Key words: pig breeding, meaty of carcasses, “muscular eye”, paper prints, weighting.