scholarly journals morphomap: An R package for long bone landmarking, cortical thickness, and cross‐sectional geometry mapping

2020 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
Antonio Profico ◽  
Luca Bondioli ◽  
Pasquale Raia ◽  
Paul O'Higgins ◽  
Damiano Marchi
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
R Package ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Geometry Mapping

scholarly journals Morphometric Maps of Bilateral Asymmetry in the Human Humerus: An Implementation in the R Package Morphomap

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1711
Author(s):  
Antonio Profico ◽  
Carlotta Zeppilli ◽  
Ileana Micarelli ◽  
Alessandro Mondanaro ◽  
Pasquale Raia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
R Package ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Biological Anthropology ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Loading History ◽  
Biological Profile ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Major Factors

In biological anthropology, parameters relating to cross-sectional geometry are calculated in paired long bones to evaluate the degree of lateralization of anatomy and, by inference, function. Here, we describe a novel approach, newly added to the morphomap R package, to assess the lateralization of the distribution of cortical bone along the entire diaphysis. The sample comprises paired long bones belonging to 51 individuals (10 females and 41 males) from The New Mexico Decedent Image Database with known biological profile, occupational and loading histories. Both males and females show a pattern of right lateralization. In addition, males are more lateralized than females, whereas there is not a significant association between lateralization with occupation and loading history. Body weight, height and long-bone length are the major factors driving the emergence of asymmetry in the humerus, while interestingly, the degree of lateralization decreases in the oldest individuals.

Loading Mode Interactions in Simulations of Long Bone Cross-Sectional Adaptation

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARC E. LEVENSTON ◽  
GARY S. BEAUPRÉ ◽  
DENNIS R. CARTER
Keyword(s):  
Long Bone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Loading Mode ◽  
Mode Interactions

FLATTENING THE CURVE IN RISK MANAGEMENT OF COVID-19: DO LOCKDOWNS WORK?

2021 ◽  
pp. 2050011
Author(s):  
DAVID E. ALLEN ◽  
MICHAEL MCALEER
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
R Package ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Algorithmic Techniques ◽  
National Governments ◽  
State Regional

This paper presents a novel analysis of the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes the COVID-19 disease using the R package “nCov2019”, with an emphasis on the global spread and forecasts of the disease, and the rate of transmission in individual countries at two different points in time, namely, March and September 2020. This throws in sharp relief the relative effectiveness of the attempts to risk manage the spread of the virus by “flattening the curve” (aka planking the curve) of the speed of transmission, and the efficacy of lockdowns in terms of the spread of the disease and death rates. Simple cross-sectional regressions are able to predict quite well both the total number of cases and deaths, which cast doubt on the above measures. The algorithmic techniques, results and analysis presented in the paper should prove useful to the medical and health professions, science advisers and risk management and decision making of healthcare by state, regional and national governments in all countries.

A new age-period-cohort model for cancer surveillance research

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 3363-3391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip S Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Group Versus ◽  
R Package ◽  
New Age ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Cancer Surveillance ◽  
Cohort Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
New Model ◽  
Regression Parameters

We develop a new age-period-cohort model for cancer surveillance research; the theory and methods are broadly applicable. In the new model, cohort deviations are weighted to account for the variable number of periods that each cohort is observed. Weighting ensures that the fitted rates can be naturally expressed as a function of age × a function of period × a function of cohort. Furthermore, the age, period, and cohort deviations are split into orthogonal quadratic components plus higher-order terms. These decompositions enable powerful combination significance tests of first- and second-order age, period, and cohort effects. The regression parameters of the orthogonal quadratic polynomials (global curvatures) quantify how fast on average the trends in the rates are changing. Importantly, the global curvature for cohort determines the least squares slope of the expected annual percentage changes by age group versus age (local drifts), thereby providing a powerful one-degree-of-freedom test of age-period interactions. We introduce new estimable functions, including age gradients that quantify the rate of change of the longitudinal and cross-sectional age curves at each attained age, and gradient shifts that quantify how the cross-sectional age trend varies by period. We illustrate the new model using nationally representative multiple myeloma incidence. Comprehensive proofs are given in technical appendices. We provide an R package.

Long bone cross-sectional geometry

2020 ◽  
pp. 307-320
Author(s):  
Christopher B. Ruff ◽  
Ryan W. Higgins ◽  
Kristian J. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Center

Long bone diaphyseal cross-sectional geometries reflect the mechanical properties of the bones, and can be used to aid in inferences of locomotor behavior in extinct hominins. This chapter considers all available long bone diaphyseal and femoral neck cross-sections of specimens from Sterkfontein Member 4, and presents comparisons of these section properties and other cross-sectional dimensions with those of other early hominins as well as modern samples. The cross-sectional geometry of the Sterkfontein Member 4 long bone specimens suggests some similarities to, but also interesting differences in, mechanical loading of these elements relative to modern humans. The less asymmetric cortical bone distribution in the Sterkfontein femoral necks is consistent with other evidence above indicating an altered gait pattern involving lateral displacement of the body center of mass over the stance limb. The relatively very strong upper limb of StW 431 implies that arboreal behavior formed a significant component of its locomotor repertoire. Bipedal gait may have been less efficient and arboreal climbing more prevalent in the Sterkfontein hominins.

Clinicopathological characterization of long bone non-union: a prospective cross-sectional study

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Galindo-Avalos ◽  
Avelino Colín-Vázquez ◽  
LuisDario Bernal-Fortich ◽  
Juan López-Valencia ◽  
Rafael Grajales-Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Union

Changes in auditory cortical thickness following music training in children: converging longitudinal and cross-sectional results

2020 ◽  
Vol 225 (8) ◽  
pp. 2463-2474
Author(s):  
Assal Habibi ◽  
Beatriz Ilari ◽  
Katrina Heine ◽  
Hanna Damasio
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Music Training

Radiographic estimation of long bone cross-sectional geometric properties

1993 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline A. Runestad ◽  
Christopher B. Ruff ◽  
James C. Nieh ◽  
Richard W. Thorington ◽  
Mark F. Teaford
Keyword(s):  
Long Bone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Geometric Properties

scholarly journals Blood flow to long bones indicates activity metabolism in mammals, reptiles and dinosaurs

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1728) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger S. Seymour ◽  
Sarah L. Smith ◽  
Craig R. White ◽  
Donald M. Henderson ◽  
Daniela Schwarz-Wings
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Remodelling ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Blood Flow Rate ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Cross Sectional

The cross-sectional area of a nutrient foramen of a long bone is related to blood flow requirements of the internal bone cells that are essential for dynamic bone remodelling. Foramen area increases with body size in parallel among living mammals and non-varanid reptiles, but is significantly larger in mammals. An index of blood flow rate through the foramina is about 10 times higher in mammals than in reptiles, and even higher if differences in blood pressure are considered. The scaling of foramen size correlates well with maximum whole-body metabolic rate during exercise in mammals and reptiles, but less well with resting metabolic rate. This relates to the role of blood flow associated with bone remodelling during and following activity. Mammals and varanid lizards have much higher aerobic metabolic rates and exercise-induced bone remodelling than non-varanid reptiles. Foramen areas of 10 species of dinosaur from five taxonomic groups are generally larger than from mammals, indicating a routinely highly active and aerobic lifestyle. The simple measurement holds possibilities offers the possibility of assessing other groups of extinct and living vertebrates in relation to body size, behaviour and habitat.

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