Chemical toughening of epoxies. I. Structural modification of epoxy resins by reaction with hydroxy-terminated poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile)

1990 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1459-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sankaran ◽  
Manas Chanda
1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
A Padma ◽  
R M V G K Rao ◽  
C Subramaniam

A carboxy terminated poly-n-(butyl acrylate, acrylic acid, acrylonitryl) (PNBA) terpolymer was used as a modifier for three high-functionality epoxy resins, (i) epoxy novolac, (ii) triglycidyl-4-aminophenol (TGPAP) and (iii) tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM), used as matrix materials in polymer composites. The resin and elastomer were reacted using different amine catalysts at different temperatures. The progress of the reaction between the epoxy resin and elastomer was studied extensively by Fourier transform infrared (FMR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (psc). The results show that hydroxy esterification and etherification occurred during the epoxy-carboxy group reaction. The possible reaction mechanism involved is discussed on the basis of the results obtained.


Author(s):  
J. G. Adams ◽  
M. M. Campbell ◽  
H. Thomas ◽  
J. J. Ghldonl

Since the introduction of epoxy resins as embedding material for electron microscopy, the list of new formulations and variations of widely accepted mixtures has grown rapidly. Described here is a resin system utilizing Maraglas 655, Dow D.E.R. 732, DDSA, and BDMA, which is a variation of the mixtures of Lockwood and Erlandson. In the development of the mixture, the Maraglas and the Dow resins were tested in 3 different volumetric proportions, 6:4, 7:3, and 8:2. Cutting qualities and characteristics of stability in the electron beam and image contrast were evaluated for these epoxy mixtures with anhydride (DDSA) to epoxy ratios of 0.4, 0.55, and 0.7. Each mixture was polymerized overnight at 60°C with 2% and 3% BDMA.Although the differences among the test resins were slight in terms of cutting ease, general tissue preservation, and stability in the beam, the 7:3 Maraglas to D.E.R. 732 ratio at an anhydride to epoxy ratio of 0.55 polymerized with 3% BDMA proved to be most consistent. The resulting plastic is relatively hard and somewhat brittle which necessitates trimming and facing the block slowly and cautiously to avoid chipping. Sections up to about 2 microns in thickness can be cut and stained with any of several light microscope stains and excellent quality light photomicrographs can be taken of such sections (Fig. 1).


Author(s):  
K. Chien ◽  
R.L. Van de Velde ◽  
R.C. Heusser

Sectioning quality of epoxy resins can be improved by the addition of a 1% silicone 200 fluid (Dow Corning), however this produces a softer block. To compensate, a harder plastic has been used for embedding various tissues encountered in our pathology laboratory. Exact amounts of the plastic mixture can be directly made up for embedding as shown: The chart reveals a Poly/Bed 812 (WPE 145) to anhydride ratio of 1:0.7 and a NMA to DDSA ratio of 7:3. 1% silicone fluid is added to above mixtures.Due to impurities within the DDSA and NMA, the polymerized epoxy blocks vary in darkness and appear to affect sectioning quality. After discussing this problem with Polysciences Inc., they have agreed to purify their anhydrides in an effort to standardize the consistency of the plastic.


Author(s):  
Pham V. Huong ◽  
Stéphanie Bouchet ◽  
Jean-Claude Launay

Microstructure of epitaxial layers of doped GaAs and its crystal growth dynamics on single crystal GaAs substrate were studied by Raman microspectroscopy with a Dilor OMARS instrument equipped with a 1024 photodiode multichannel detector and a ion-argon laser Spectra-Physics emitting at 514.5 nm.The spatial resolution of this technique, less than 1 μm2, allows the recording of Raman spectra at several spots in function of thickness, from the substrate to the outer deposit, including areas around the interface (Fig.l).The high anisotropy of the LO and TO Raman bands is indicative of the orientation of the epitaxial layer as well as of the structural modification in the deposit and in the substrate at the interface.With Sn doped, the epitaxial layer also presents plasmon in Raman scattering. This fact is already very well known, but we additionally observed that its frequency increases with the thickness of the deposit. For a sample with electron density 1020 cm-3, the plasmon L+ appears at 930 and 790 cm-1 near the outer surface.


Author(s):  
Hilton H. Mollenhauer

Many factors (e.g., resolution of microscope, type of tissue, and preparation of sample) affect electron microscopical images and alter the amount of information that can be retrieved from a specimen. Of interest in this report are those factors associated with the evaluation of epoxy embedded tissues. In this context, informational retrieval is dependant, in part, on the ability to “see” sample detail (e.g., contrast) and, in part, on tue quality of sample preservation. Two aspects of this problem will be discussed: 1) epoxy resins and their effect on image contrast, information retrieval, and sample preservation; and 2) the interaction between some stains commonly used for enhancing contrast and information retrieval.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Palmieri ◽  
Tyler Hudson ◽  
Roberto Cano ◽  
Erik Tastepe ◽  
Dean Rufeisen ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Roach ◽  
Yusuke Sasano ◽  
Cullen Schmid ◽  
Saheem Zaidi ◽  
Vsevolod Katritch ◽  
...  

Salvinorin A (SalA) is a plant metabolite that agonizes the human <i>kappa</i>-opioid receptor (κ-OR) with high affinity and high selectivity over <i>mu- </i>and <i>delta-</i>opioid receptors. Its therapeutic potential has stimulated extensive semi-synthetic studies and total synthesis campaigns. However, structural modification of SalA has been complicated by its instability, and efficient total synthesis has been frustrated by its dense, complex architecture. Treatment of strategic bonds in SalA as dynamic and dependent on structural perturbation enabled the identification of an efficient retrosynthetic pathway. Here we show that deletion of C20 simultaneously stabilizes the SalA skeleton, simplifies its synthesis and retains its high affinity and selectivity for the κ-OR. The resulting 10-step synthesis now opens the SalA scaffold to deep-seated property modification.


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