Epoxy Resin Embedment

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
J. G. Adams ◽  
M. M. Campbell ◽  
H. Thomas ◽  
J. J. Ghldonl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Tissue Preservation ◽  
Resin System ◽  
Excellent Quality

Since the introduction of epoxy resins as embedding material for electron microscopy, the list of new formulations and variations of widely accepted mixtures has grown rapidly. Described here is a resin system utilizing Maraglas 655, Dow D.E.R. 732, DDSA, and BDMA, which is a variation of the mixtures of Lockwood and Erlandson. In the development of the mixture, the Maraglas and the Dow resins were tested in 3 different volumetric proportions, 6:4, 7:3, and 8:2. Cutting qualities and characteristics of stability in the electron beam and image contrast were evaluated for these epoxy mixtures with anhydride (DDSA) to epoxy ratios of 0.4, 0.55, and 0.7. Each mixture was polymerized overnight at 60°C with 2% and 3% BDMA.Although the differences among the test resins were slight in terms of cutting ease, general tissue preservation, and stability in the beam, the 7:3 Maraglas to D.E.R. 732 ratio at an anhydride to epoxy ratio of 0.55 polymerized with 3% BDMA proved to be most consistent. The resulting plastic is relatively hard and somewhat brittle which necessitates trimming and facing the block slowly and cautiously to avoid chipping. Sections up to about 2 microns in thickness can be cut and stained with any of several light microscope stains and excellent quality light photomicrographs can be taken of such sections (Fig. 1).

Stain contamination and embedding in electron microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Hilton H. Mollenhauer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Sample Preservation ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Contrast Information

Many factors (e.g., resolution of microscope, type of tissue, and preparation of sample) affect electron microscopical images and alter the amount of information that can be retrieved from a specimen. Of interest in this report are those factors associated with the evaluation of epoxy embedded tissues. In this context, informational retrieval is dependant, in part, on the ability to “see” sample detail (e.g., contrast) and, in part, on tue quality of sample preservation. Two aspects of this problem will be discussed: 1) epoxy resins and their effect on image contrast, information retrieval, and sample preservation; and 2) the interaction between some stains commonly used for enhancing contrast and information retrieval.

scholarly journals Epoxy Resins in Electron Microscopy

1960 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Finck
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
United States ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Viscosity

A method of embedding biological specimens in araldite 502 (Ciba) has been developed for materials available in the United States. Araldite-embedded tissues are suitable for electron microscopy, but the cutting qualities of the resin necessitates more than routine attention during microtomy. The rather high viscosity of araldite 502 also seems to be an unnecessary handicap. The less viscous epoxy epon 812 (Shell) produces specimens with improved cutting qualities, and has several features—low shrinkage and absence of specimen damage during cure, minimal compression of sections, relative absence of electron beam-induced section damage, etc.—which recommends it as a routine embedding material. The hardness of the cured resin can be easily adjusted by several methods to suit the materials embedded in it. Several problems and advantages of working with sections of epoxy resins are also discussed.

Eponate 12, a new epoxy resin: Comparisons with EPON 812 and observations on its use for general biological electron microscopy

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 628-629
Author(s):  
J.A. Mascorro ◽  
G.S. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Past Study ◽  
Chemical Company ◽  
Shell Chemical

Many epoxy resins have been introduced during the last several years as replacements for Epon 812 since the Shell Chemical Company discontinued production of this popular embedding resin. In a past study, the present investigators examined several of the “replacement” resins for physical characteristics such as viscosity, flow rate, density, mass weight, and hardness of the polymerized medium. In addition, other equally important parameters including sectioning and infiltrating character as well as stain-ability and section strength subsequent to beam and vacuum conditions also were evaluated. The present work follows a similar rationale and seeks to determine this same information for Eponate 12, an epoxy resin designated as a true generic replacement for the formerly available Epon 812 product.For purposes of physical comparisons, Eponate 12 was tested against a sample of original Shell Epon 812 still maintained in our laboratory.

Study of electron beam curing process using epoxy resin system

2007 ◽  
Vol 265 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delmo A. Nishitsuji ◽  
Gerson Marinucci ◽  
Maria C. Evora ◽  
Leonardo G. de Andrade e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Resin System ◽  
Epoxy Resin System ◽  
Electron Beam Curing

scholarly journals Hybrid filament-wound materials: Tensile characteristics of (aramide fiber/glass fiber)-epoxy resins composite and (carbon fibers/glass fiber)-epoxy resins composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-46
Author(s):  
Jovan Radulović
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Resin System ◽  
Filament Wound ◽  
Epoxy Resin System

In this paper a tensile characteristics of filament-wound glass fiber-aramid fiber/epoxy resins hybrid composites and glass fiber-two carbons fibers/epoxy resins hybrid composites are presented. Basic terms about hybride composite materials (origin, reasons for manufacturing, advantages, definitions, levels of hybridization, modes of classifications, types, categorization, and possible interactions between constituents) and used reinforcements and matrices are described. For a manufacturing of NOL rings four reinforcements (glass fiber, polyamide aromatic fiber and two carbon fibers) and two matrices (high and moderate temperature curing epoxy resin system) are used. Based on experimentally obtained results, it is concluded that hybride composite material consisting of carbon fiber T800 (67 % vol) and glass fiber GR600 (33 % vol) impregnated with epoxy resin system L20 has the highest both the tensile strength value and the specific tensile strength value. The two lowest values of both tensile strength and the specific tensile strength have hybrid material containing aramide fiber K49 (33 % vol) and glass fiber GR600 (67 % vol) and epoxy resin system 0164 and hybrid NOL ring with wound carbon fiber T300 (33 % vol) and glass fiber GR600 (67 % vol) impregnated with the same epoxy resin system. This investigation pointed out that increasing the volume content of aramide fiberK49, carbon fiber T300 and carbon fiber T800 in appropriate hybrid composites with glass fiber GR600 increases both the tensile strength value and the specific tensile strength value and decrease the density value, no matter the used epoxy resin system.

A study of the fracture surface of cured epoxy resin

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
V. B. Gupta ◽  
L. T. Drzal ◽  
Y. L. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Fracture Behavior ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Wide Size Distribution

The dependence of the fracture behavior of cured epoxy resin on its morphology is an area of interest and controversy. It is believed that the resin is heterogeneous, comprising spherical entities of high crosslink density in a matrix of relatively lower crosslink density. These heterogeneities have quite a wide size distribution, predominantly in the 10 to 50nm range and are believed to be aggregates of a few elementary entities of around 5nm in diameter. Since the fracture pattern has been observed to be around the boundary of the aggregate rather than through it, it is important to understand how these larger entities influence the fracture behavior. Hence the present study was designed to map the size distribution of aggregates which will henceforth be referred to as nodules. Although it has been pointed out that scanning electron microscopy is more suited for the study of polymer fractography than transmission electron microscopy, there has been a much greater use of TEM employing the replica method in morphological investigations of cured epoxy resins. It will be shown here that if suitable specimens are used, the morphology of cured epoxy resins can be studied with SEM.

Experimental and computed HREM images of the structure and defects in gadolinium silicate

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-215
Author(s):  
H.-U. Nissen ◽  
A. Kumao ◽  
J. Ylä-Jääski ◽  
R. Wessicken
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Zone Axis ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Fourier Filtering ◽  
Image Fit

Monoclinic Gd2SiO5 has been investigated by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) at 100 kV. Structure images are observed in the [100] and [001] projections and calculations of the image contrast using the multislice approximation are carried out to interpret the observations. For thin samples the image fit is improved by Fourier filtering of the observed images. For thicker samples the fit is found to be very sensitive to small tilt deviations of the zone axis to the electron beam. For defects observed in a fast-cooled specimen, a model in which Gd atoms replace Si atoms in segments along the (100) plane is proposed and tested by contrast calculations. These defects may be one of the reasons for deviations from stoichiometry as frequently observed in rare-earth silicates.

scholarly journals Araldite as an Embedding Medium for Electron Microscopy

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey M. Glauert ◽  
R. H. Glauert
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Embedding Medium ◽  
Final Block

Epoxy resins are suitable media for embedding for electron microscopy, as they set uniformly with virtually no shrinkage. A mixture of araldite epoxy resins has been developed which is soluble in ethanol, and which yields a block of the required hardness for thin sectioning. The critical modifications to the conventional mixtures are the choice of a plasticized resin in conjunction with an aliphatic anhydride as the hardener. The hardness of the final block can be varied by incorporating additional plasticizer, and the rate of setting can be controlled by the use of an amine accelerator. The properties of the araldite mixture can be varied quite widely by adjusting the proportions of the various constituents. The procedure for embedding biological specimens is similar to that employed with methacrylates, although longer soaking times are recommended to ensure the complete penetration of the more viscous epoxy resin. An improvement in the preservation of the fine structure of a variety of specimens has already been reported, and a typical electron microgram illustrates the present paper.

Techniques for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Fiber-Matrix Interfaces in Aluminum Alloy-Boron Composites by Ion Erosio

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 204-205
Author(s):  
G. G. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fiber Matrix ◽  
Ion Erosion ◽  
Row Of Fibers

The morphology and composition of the fiber-matrix interface can best be studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. For some composites satisfactory samples can be prepared by electropolishing. For others such as aluminum alloy-boron composites ion erosion is necessary.When one wishes to examine a specimen with the electron beam perpendicular to the fiber, preparation is as follows: A 1/8 in. disk is cut from the sample with a cylindrical tool by spark machining. Thin slices, 5 mils thick, containing one row of fibers, are then, spark-machined from the disk. After spark machining, the slice is carefully polished with diamond paste until the row of fibers is exposed on each side, as shown in Figure 1.In the case where examination is desired with the electron beam parallel to the fiber, preparation is as follows: Experimental composites are usually 50 mils or less in thickness so an auxiliary holder is necessary during ion milling and for easy transfer to the electron microscope. This holder is pure aluminum sheet, 3 mils thick.

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