What if I am the one? Measuring individual differences in emotional sensitivity to probability and emotional reactivity to possibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19
Author(s):  
Heather P. Lacey ◽  
Steven C. Lacey ◽  
Laura D. Scherer ◽  
Brian J. Zikmund‐Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Emotional Sensitivity ◽  
The One

The Role of Distress Disclosure Tendencies in the Experience and Expression of Laboratory-Induced Sadness

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey H. Kahn ◽  
Daniel W. Cox ◽  
A. Myfanwy Bakker ◽  
Julia I. O’Loughlin ◽  
Agnieszka M. Kotlarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Distress Disclosure ◽  
Computerized Text Analysis

Abstract. The benefits of talking with others about unpleasant emotions have been thoroughly investigated, but individual differences in distress disclosure tendencies have not been adequately integrated within theoretical models of emotion. The purpose of this laboratory research was to determine whether distress disclosure tendencies stem from differences in emotional reactivity or differences in emotion regulation. After completing measures of distress disclosure tendencies, social desirability, and positive and negative affect, 84 participants (74% women) were video recorded while viewing a sadness-inducing film clip. Participants completed post-film measures of affect and were then interviewed about their reactions to the film; these interviews were audio recorded for later coding and computerized text analysis. Distress disclosure tendencies were not predictive of the subjective experience of emotion, but they were positively related to facial expressions of sadness and happiness. Distress disclosure tendencies also predicted judges’ ratings of the verbal disclosure of emotion during the interview, but self-reported disclosure and use of positive and negative emotion words were not associated with distress disclosure tendencies. The authors present implications of this research for integrating individual differences in distress disclosure with models of emotion.

scholarly journals Individual differences in hedonic capacity, depressed mood, and affective states predict emotional reactivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Saxena ◽  
Katherine R. Luking ◽  
Deanna M. Barch ◽  
David Pagliaccio
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Hedonic Capacity

Trait Emotion Regulation Predicts Individual Differences in Momentary Emotion and Experience

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-377
Author(s):  
Reed Maxwell ◽  
Steven Jay Lynn ◽  
Gregory P. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Open Question

A sizable literature has yet to establish a reliable empirical connection between the trait conceptualization of emotion regulation as habitual, cross-situation emotion regulation tendencies and its state conceptualization as real-time, fluid, momentary emotion–situation interactivity and dependency. Thus, an open question remains: Do self-reported differences in tendencies to use one or another emotion regulation strategy predict self-reported, momentary emotional states and experiences, and are differences in these emotional states consistent with differences in emotional reactivity observed in previous studies among individuals in experimental paradigms asked to make real-time use of the emotion regulation strategies represented by these trait measures? If trait measures of emotion regulation validly reflect actual uses of particular strategies (e.g., expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal), then these measures should predict individual differences in momentary emotions and experiences associated with habitual use of these strategies. Examining a sample of 177 participants, we found that differential endorsements of habitual strategy use on these measures were associated with individual differences in self-reported momentary emotion and experience that correspond to well-documented differences in reactivity reported among individuals instructed to apply these strategies in experimental settings. Limitations of these findings and suggestions for future directions are discussed.

Voter Information Processing and Political Decision Making

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Nai
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Political Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electoral Campaigns ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The One

Contemporary political information processing and the subsequent decision-making mechanisms are suboptimal. Average voters usually have but vague notions of politics and cannot be said to be motivated to invest considerable amount of times to make up their minds about political affairs; furthermore, political information is not only complex and virtually infinite but also often explicitly designed to deceive and persuade by triggering unconscious mechanisms in those exposed to it. In this context, how can voters sample, process, and transform the political information they receive into reliable political choices? Two broad set of dynamics are at play. On the one hand, individual differences determine how information is accessed and processed: different personality traits set incentives (and hurdles) for information processing, the availability of information heuristics and the motivation to treat complex information determine the preference between easy and good decisions, and partisan preferences establish boundaries for information processing and selective exposure. On the other hand, and beyond these individual differences, the content of political information available to citizens drives decision-making: the alleged “declining quality” of news information poses threats for comprehensive and systematic reasoning; excessive negativity in electoral campaigns drives cynicism (but also attention); and the use of emotional appeals increases information processing (anxiety), decreases interest and attention (rage), and strengthens the reliance on individual predispositions (enthusiasm). At the other end of the decisional process, the quality of the choices made (Was the decision supported by “ambivalent” opinions? And to what extent was the decision “correct”?) is equally hard to assess, and fundamental normative questions come into play.

Effect of auditory neocortex ablation on pitch perception in the cat

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Cranford ◽  
M. Igarashi ◽  
J. H. Stramler
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Absolute Frequency ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Original Discrimination ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
The One

Cats which received one- or two-stage bilateral ablations of auditory cortex were compared to unoperated cats on a test involving the discrimination of increases (1.2 kHz) from decreases (0.8 kHZ) in the frequency of ongoing 1.0-kHz tone pulses. Whereas two-stage cats exhibited more evidence of postoperative retention for the original task than did one-stage cats, both groups relearned the discrimination in approximately the same number of trials as normal cats. Individual differences in difficulty of relearning apparently reflected the degree of undercutting of the polysensory association areas of the suprasylvian and lateral gyri. Following retraining, all cats received two discrimination transfer tests. The first test was identical to the original dis crimination problem in all respects except that different frequency values were substituted for the original set (i.e., 1.6-kHz tones alternating with either 2.0- or 1.2-kHz signals). Whereas both unoperated and two-stage cats had difficulty discriminating the new positive from negative trials, the one-stage cats exhibited a significant tendency to continue responding to changes invoving 1.2-kHz tones in the same manner as in the original discrimination task. In the second test the cats were asked to discriminate the original 1.2- and 0.8-kHz tones against a silent background. Both operated and unoperated cats performed significantly above chance on this test. These results suggest that the cats solved the original discrimination on the basis of absolute frequency cues rather than the directionality of frequency changes. The significance of these findings are discussed in relation to current concepts of the functional capacity of auditory decorticate animals.

Emotional Thinking in the Adult: Individual Differences in Mysticism and Globality-Differentiation

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Mehrabian ◽  
Catherine A. Stefl ◽  
Melissa Mullen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Adult Individual ◽  
Magical Ideation ◽  
Emotional Sensitivity ◽  
Paranormal Belief ◽  
Differentiation Scale ◽  
Anxiety Depression

The present study explored emotional thinking in the adult using four related scales. A new Mysticism Scale assessed tendencies to use magical, esoteric, incomprehensible, and unfounded concepts and hypotheses. Two related scales (Paranormal Belief, Magical Ideation) correlated .88 and .74, respectively, with the Mysticism Scale. The Globality-Differentiation Scale assessed emotional, subjective, and centered thinking and related to unpleasant, arousable, and submissive characteristics, showing it to be the cognitive counterpart of Trait Anxiety or Neuroticism. The Globality/maladjustment relationship was confirmed by positive relationships of the Globality Scale with measures of Trait Anxiety, Depression, Panic, Somatization, and Drug Use. In comparison, the Mysticism Scale related only to Trait Arousability (a measure of positive and/or negative emotional sensitivity) and, along with the Paranormal Belief and Magical Ideation scales, was generally unrelated to measures of psychopathology.

The Tritone Paradox: Correlate with the Listener's Vocal Range for Speech

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Deutsch ◽  
Tom North ◽  
Lee Ray
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spectral Envelope ◽  
Pitch Class ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies ◽  
Speech Characteristics ◽  
Orderly Fashion ◽  
Tritone Paradox ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

In the tritone paradox, two tones are presented that are related by a halfoctave. Each tone consists of a set of octave-related sinusoids whose amplitudes are scaled by a bell-shaped spectral envelope; thus the usual cues to height attribution are missing. When listeners judge whether such tone pairs form ascending or descending patterns, judgments are related in an orderly fashion to the positions of the tones along the pitch class circle: Tones in one region of the circle are heard as higher and those in the opposite region as lower. However, listeners differ strikingly in the orientation of the pitch-class circle with respect to height. So far, the basis of the tritone paradox and the reasons for the individual differences in its manifestation have proved elusive. In the present study, a correlation is found between perception of the tritone paradox and the range of fundamental frequencies of the listener's speaking voice. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a close connection between the perception of a musical pattern on the one hand and the listener's speech characteristics on the other.

Emotion regulation mediates relationships between perceived childhood invalidation, emotional reactivity, and emotional eating

2020 ◽  
pp. 135910532094286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abby Braden ◽  
LaNaya Anderson ◽  
Rachel Redondo ◽  
Tanya Watford ◽  
Elizabeth Emley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Dialectical Behavior Therapy ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Emotional Sensitivity ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Model Apply

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is informed by the biosocial model which suggests that emotional sensitivity and childhood invalidation interact to influence emotion dysregulation, leading to behavioral disorders. Although adapted DBT interventions have resulted in improved emotional eating, little research has been conducted to examine whether key aspects of the biosocial model apply to emotional eating. Adults ( N = 258) were enrolled via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Three separate mediation analyses were performed using Hayes’ SPSS macro. Results showed that emotion regulation difficulties mediated the relationships between biosocial variables (i.e. perceived maternal and paternal invalidation and emotional reactivity) and emotional eating.

Subject-Task Interaction in Selective Attention Research

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-262
Author(s):  
Steven Jay Gross ◽  
Samuel F. Moore ◽  
Stephen L. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Task Variables ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Two methods of investigating human information processing, the one focusing on the manipulation of experimental tasks and the other emphasizing individual differences, were compared. The design utilized the experimental tasks of Treisman and Riley (1969) while examining for individual differences on the basis of Witkin's field-articulation dimension. The findings of Treisman and Riley were replicated, while no differences were found among Ss categorized on the individual-difference dimension, suggesting that task variables were most important in performance requiring selective attention.

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