Preservation of cranial nerves during removal of the brain for an enhanced student experience in neuroanatomy classes

The article summarizes information about the head ganglia (the sympathetic ganglia and in the sensory cranial nerves). Gives а brief historical background on the history issue and relevance of the topic. Characterized by each node with its topography and lesion clinic. The described process of treatment, and prospects for new therapies. Raised the issue of the significance of the defeat ganglia, namely, the suffering of the sick and forced treatment costs (due to the complex differential diagnosis). In a biological sense, pain first appears in chordates and during evolution, as well as transformations of the brain and spinal cord, it acquires new types, localization and significance for the performance of a living organism. And facial pain, being a nosology with a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosis and treatment, demonstrates both its complexity and importance in human life.

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Unknown fatal encephalomyelopolyradiculoneuritis in a child. A case report

L.O. Badalyan Neurological Journal ◽

10.46563/2686-8997-2021-2-2-100-106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 100-106

Author(s):

Aleksandra I. Pavlyuchkova ◽

Aleksey S. Kotov

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Genetic Diseases ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Active Therapy ◽

Nerve Roots ◽

Child Patient ◽

Brain And Spinal Cord ◽

The Brain

In childhood, various infectious, autoimmune, genetic diseases can manifest. We present a case of fatal encephalomyelopolyradiculoneuritis of unknown etiology in a 9-year-old child. Patient N.K. in February 2019, noted an increase in temperature to subfebrile values, received symptomatic and antibiotic therapy without effect. An increase in protein and lymphocytes was found in the cerebrospinal fluid. According to MRI data, the emergence of more and more foci of the pathological signal in the brain and spinal cord, cranial nerves and nerve roots of the lumbar plexus was noted. Known infectious and autoimmune diseases were excluded. Despite active therapy with glucocorticoids, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, immunoglobulin, the disease continued to progress, and the patient died in April 2020.

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Ventrolateral Compression of the Brain Stem in Essential Hypertension: MR Angiography Study

Rivista di Neuroradiologia ◽

10.1177/197140099701000402 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 403-408

Author(s):

L. Manfrè ◽

M. Midiri ◽

G. Cerasola ◽

N. Platania ◽

M. Accardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Hypertension ◽

Diastolic Pressure ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Ventrolateral Medulla ◽

Neurovascular Compression ◽

Gradient Echo ◽

Tof Mra ◽

Sequence Ideal ◽

The Brain

Our purpose was to evaluate neurovascular compression at the level of ventrolateral medulla and NVC with the IXth and the Xth cranial nerves in patients with essential hypertension and in healthy volunteers using high resoluted Spoiled Recalled Gradient Echo (SPGR) sequences, allowing the detection of stationary tissues and moving spins. Thirty patients (19 men and 11 women) with essential hypertension were examined. Patient's ages ranged from 24 to 64 years-old (mean age was 48 y.o.). Patients older than 65 were excluded. The average of systolic blood-pressure of hypertensive patients was 183 ± 10 mmHg, while the diastolic pressure was 98 ± 10.5 mmHg. In conclusion, we consider axial single partitions from a three-dimensional TOF MRA sequence ideal to demonstrate both vascular and neural components of NVC. NVC could explain essential hypertension disease in a significant percentage of patients, even though true idiopathic hypertension - probably less frequent than believed- exists.

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In and Out of the Central Nervous System

10.1093/med/9780190614966.003.0007 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Michael J. Aminoff

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Experimental Approach ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Motor Functions ◽

System P ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Experimental Findings ◽

The Brain

In 1811, Bell had printed privately a monograph titled Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. In it, Bell correctly showed that the anterior but not the posterior roots had motor functions. François Magendie subsequently showed that the anterior roots were motor, and the posterior roots were sensory. This led to a dispute about priority during which Bell republished some of his early work with textual alterations to support his claims. Bell was involved in a similar dispute with Herbert Mayo concerning the separate functions of the fifth (sensory) and seventh (motor) cranial nerves, and Mayo today is a forgotten man. In both instances, Bell deserves credit for the concepts and initial experimental approach, and Magendie and Mayo deserve credit for obtaining and correctly interpreting the definitive experimental findings.

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Cranial nerves

10.1093/med/9780199551002.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Arangasamy Anbarasu ◽

Jack I. Lane

Keyword(s):

Cranial Nerve ◽

Special Functions ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Facial Movement ◽

The Brain

This section discusses the cranial nerve. Cranial nerves are important structures involved with special functions of smell, sight, lacrimation, hearing, balance, taste, facial movement, mastication and swallowing. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves which are named anatomically by the level at which they exit the brain and brainstem, with lower numbered cranial nerves exiting superior and anterior to higher numbered ones.

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Nonvestibular Schwannomas of the Brain: A 7-Year Experience

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1097/00006123-200203000-00002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 437-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Sajjan Sarma ◽

Laligam N. Sekhar ◽

David A. Schessel

Keyword(s):

Tumor Resection ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Abducens Nerve ◽

Functional Results ◽

Senior Author ◽

Karnofsky Performance Scale ◽

Lumbar Drain ◽

Scale Scores ◽

The Brain

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Nonvestibular schwannomas are uncommon tumors of the brain. Trigeminal nerve schwannomas are the most common of this group, followed by glossopharyngeal, vagal, facial, accessory, hypoglossal, oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerve schwannomas, in descending order of frequency. We present a series of nonvestibular schwannomas that were surgically treated during a 7-year period. METHODS: Forty-six patients with schwannomas of Cranial Nerves V (26 cases), VII (7 cases), IX, X, and XI (9 cases), XII (3 cases), and III (1 case) were microsurgically treated by the senior author (LNS) during a 7-year period, from 1993 to 2000. The clinical presentations, operative approaches, complications, and results were studied. RESULTS: Forty-five patients underwent gross total tumor resection in the first operation. One patient who had undergone subtotal tumor resection in the initial operation experienced a large recurrence after 4 years, and gross total tumor resection was achieved in the second operation. There were no postoperative deaths. Postoperative morbidity consisted of cerebrospinal fluid leaks for 5 patients (3 patients required a second operation to repair the leak, and 2 patients responded to lumbar drain placement), meningitis for 3 patients (2 cases were aseptic and 1 involved bacterial meningitis, which resolved with antibiotic therapy), vasospasm requiring angioplasty for 1 patient, temporary hemiparesis for 2 patients (who experienced good recoveries), and permanent hemiparesis for 1 patient. New cranial nerve deficits were observed for 24% of patients but were usually partial. The mean follow-up period was 33.3 months (range, 0.2–93 mo). No patient experienced tumor recurrence after complete tumor removal. The patient who experienced regrowth of the tumor did not exhibit recurrence after the second operation. The Karnofsky Performance Scale scores at the latest follow-up examination were 80 or more for 45 patients (98%) and 70 for 1 patient. CONCLUSION: Nonvestibular schwannomas can be treated via microsurgical excision, with excellent functional results. Recurrence is rare after total tumor excision, although much longer follow-up monitoring is required.

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A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System. By W. R. Gowers, M.D., F.R.S., Vol. II. Diseases of the Brain and Cranial Nerves. General and Functional Diseases of the Nervous System. Pp. viii. 975 London

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences ◽

10.1097/00000441-188806000-00007 ◽

1888 ◽

Vol 95 (6) ◽

pp. 603-605

Author(s):

&NA;

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

The Brain

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Arhinencephaly with Incomplete Separation of the Cerebral Hemispheres

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.88.371.341 ◽

1942 ◽

Vol 88 (371) ◽

pp. 341-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G. W. T. H. Fleming ◽

R. M. Norman

Keyword(s):

Mental Hospital ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Cerebral Hemispheres ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Olfactory Bulbs ◽

Cerebral Malformation ◽

Partial Separation ◽

Transitional Group ◽

The Subject ◽

The Brain

Partial agenesis of the olfactory apparatus or arhinencephaly is usually associated with other gross manifestations of cerebral malformation. The subject has recently been discussed by Stewart (1939), who described the rare variety in which absence of the olfactory bulbs and tracts constituted the main abnormality. Intermediate between this, the mildest form of arhinencephaly, and the cyclopian brain in which the endbrain fails to divide into hemispheres and cranial nerves other than the first are also affected, comes a transitional group in which a partial separation of the hemispheres has taken place and arhinencephaly is present in varying degree. The present case is an example of this intermediate variety, and owing to the rarity of the condition we have thought it worthy of record, though a lack of reliable clinical and post-mortem information somewhat reduces its value. The brain was found amongst a number at the Hereford County and City Mental Hospital.

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Primary Burkitt Lymphoma of the Fourth Ventricle in an Immunocompetent Young Patient

Case Reports in Pathology ◽

10.1155/2014/630954 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Abdulrahman Alabdulsalam ◽

Syed Z. A. Zaidi ◽

Imran Tailor ◽

Yasser Orz ◽

Sadeq Al-Dandan

Keyword(s):

Burkitt Lymphoma ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

High Dose ◽

Rare Entity ◽

Diagnostic Challenge ◽

Dose Methotrexate ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Blue Cell ◽

The Brain ◽

4Th Ventricle

Primary Burkitt lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS) is rare, with only few cases reported in the literature. An 18 year-old immunocompetent male presented with multiple cranial nerves palsies and was found to have a mass predominantly in the 4th ventricle of the brain. Tumor was surgically removed and showed morphological and immunohistochemical features consistent with Burkitt lymphoma. The patient responded very well to anthracycline based chemotherapy with high dose methotrexate (HD MTX) and intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy delivered by Ommaya reservoir. Primary Burkitt lymphoma of the CNS is a rare entity that poses differential diagnostic challenge with other small round blue cell tumors.

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EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE BRAIN (C71). POPULATION-BASED STUDY

Problems in oncology ◽

10.37469/0507-3758-2020-66-5-489-499 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (5) ◽

pp. 489-499

Author(s):

Vakhtang Merabishvili ◽

Kalyango Kennet ◽

M. Valkov ◽

Andrey Dyachenko

Keyword(s):

Malignant Tumors ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

Population Based ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Icd 10 ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

First Time ◽

The Brain

Malignant neoplasms of the brain (BMN) in accordance with the international classification of the diseases (ICD-10) belong to the rubric C71. However, in the world and Russia it is customary to understand this term as the entire block of localizations related to the brain - rubrics C70-71. The topographic codes C70 (meninges), C71 (brain) and C72 (spinal cord, cranial nerves and other parts of the central nervous system) make up a small proportion among MN in general. In addition, all the summary data WHO-IARC and Russia as a rule aggregate the CNS tumors under the three heading ICD - 10 (ICDO-3) C70-72. With the developments in Russia of the system of Population cancer registries, it became possible to study the patterns of dynamics of incidence and to calculate the survival rate of patients with malignant necrosis in each ICD-10 section. This study presents the population-based analysis of incidence and mortality from BMN using available sources and, for the first time in Russia, the analysis of the dynamics of the survival among the patients with BMN under the rubric C71 is performed.

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