A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System. By W. R. Gowers, M.D., F.R.S., Vol. II. Diseases of the Brain and Cranial Nerves. General and Functional Diseases of the Nervous System. Pp. viii. 975 London

1888 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 603-605
Author(s):  
&NA;
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
The Brain

In and Out of the Central Nervous System

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Aminoff
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
The Brain

In 1811, Bell had printed privately a monograph titled Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. In it, Bell correctly showed that the anterior but not the posterior roots had motor functions. François Magendie subsequently showed that the anterior roots were motor, and the posterior roots were sensory. This led to a dispute about priority during which Bell republished some of his early work with textual alterations to support his claims. Bell was involved in a similar dispute with Herbert Mayo concerning the separate functions of the fifth (sensory) and seventh (motor) cranial nerves, and Mayo today is a forgotten man. In both instances, Bell deserves credit for the concepts and initial experimental approach, and Magendie and Mayo deserve credit for obtaining and correctly interpreting the definitive experimental findings.

Neurosarcoidosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
G. R. Ramazanov ◽  
E. V. Shevchenko ◽  
L. I. Idilova ◽  
V. N. Stepanov ◽  
E. V. Nugaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Biopsy Material ◽  
Histological Confirmation ◽  
System Disorder ◽  
The Brain

The article represents the discussion of sarcoidosis involving the cranial nerves and meninges. It’s a rare disease difficult to diagnose. This form of the disease is a progressive lesion of the nervous system, characterized by granulomatous inflammation of the membranes and /or tissue of cerebrum or spinal cord, cranial and /or peripheral nerves. Clinical signs of the nervous system disorder found in sarcoidosis, are detected only in 5–15% of patients. They are often represented by symptoms of cranial nerve damage, meningeal syndrome and epileptic seizures. X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain do not reveal specific changes, however, they allow to exclude other structural lesions of the central nervous system and to identify neuroimaging signs, most common in the course of this disease. Diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis is possible in the presence of neurological symptoms, signs of multisystem lesions, and histological confirmation of non-caseous granulomatous inflammation in one or more organs. The article also represents a clinical observation of a patient with neurosarcoidosis, manifested by acute bilateral neuropathy of the facial nerves, unilateral neuropathy of the trigeminal nerve and meningism syndrome. The neuroimaging signs, often found in this disease, were revealed: the accumulation of contrast agent by the membranes of the brain and the tissue of cavum Meckeli. The course of the disease and diagnostic search, which made it possible to detect signs of multisystem lesion, are described. The diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination of the biopsy material of the intrathoracic lymph node. The results of neurosarcoidosis anti-inflammatory therapy are presented. The peculiarities influencing the choice of this type of treatment terms, are indicated.

Low grade b-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) involving the central nervous system (CNS): An analysis from the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13083-e13083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Avinash Pophali ◽  
Gita Thanarajasingam ◽  
Jose Pulido ◽  
Patrick B. Johnston ◽  
Ronald S. Go
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cns Involvement ◽  
The Brain

e13083 Background: CNS involvement from low grade B-cell NHL is rare and has only been reported as case series. The distribution, demographics and outcomes of patients with low grade B-cell CNS NHLs have not been well characterized. Methods: The NCDB represents ~70% of cancer cases in the United States. Using the 2004-2013 NCDB extranodal NHL database, we identified all CNS B-cell NHLs based on ICD-O-3 site and histology codes. Primary or secondary CNS involvement could not be determined. Results: Out of 9435 CNS NHL cases, 475 [5.03%] had low grade histologies. In this group, the median age at diagnosis was 58 years [range 19-89]. Majority of the cases were female [56%], White, non-Hispanic [72%], privately insured [53%], with no comorbidities [74%] and treated in academic/research programs [38%]. Site of CNS disease was not specified in 22%. HIV status was known in 318 cases (6.3% positive). The brain [44%] was the most common site of involvement followed by spinal cord [19%] and meninges [15%]. Follicular lymphoma (FL) [48%] was the most common histology overall followed by marginal zone (MZL) [37%], small lymphocytic (SLL) [8%] and lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas (LPL) [7%]. MZL was the most common histology in the brain [44%] and meninges [61%] while FL was most common in the spinal cord [77%] and nervous system, NOS [69%]. Cranial nerves and eye (retina/optic nerve) involvement was very rare [2 and 1 case each- both MZL]. The overall survival (OS) of CNS B-cell NHL was significantly better if histology was low grade vs other [5-year OS 74% vs 32%, P < 0.0001]. Among CNS low grade B-cell NHLs, 5-year OS varied by histology [MZL 83%, FL 75%, LPL 56% and SLL 50%, P = 0.0003] and site of disease [spinal cord 89%, meninges 78% and brain 63%, P = 0.03] in addition to age at diagnosis and co-morbidities on both uni- and multivariate analysis. Survival was not influenced by sex, race, insurance, year of diagnosis, facility type or location. Conclusions: CNS involvement with low grade B-cell NHL is rare but has a relatively good outcome with most patients surviving beyond 5 years. FL and MZL are the more common low grade histologies. Both histology and disease site are important factors affecting survival.

scholarly journals RECURRENT MENINGIOMA AFTER INITIAL RESECTION SURGERY – CASE REPORT

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-241
Author(s):  
Ioana Cociasu ◽  
◽  
Irene Davidescu ◽  
Ioan Buraga ◽  
Bogdan O. Popescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Brain Tumour ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Initial Resection

The most common tumours of the central nervous system, meningiomas are frequently diagnosed by accident when patients undergo imaging studies of the brain for other reasons. Most patients lack symptoms and thus can live their whole lives without knowing they have a brain tumour. Less fortunate patients seek medical advice for troubling symptoms – like seizures or disturbances of the cranial nerves – get surgery for the excision of the tumour and years later fi nd out their tumour has come back. We are presenting the case of such a patient with a recurrent parietal meningioma.

Relation of diseases of the nervous system to diseases of the upper respiratory tract

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-473
Author(s):  
M. F. Tsytovich
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nutritional Disturbances ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Brain

Noting that diseases of the cranial nervous system may result from 1) infection, 2) nutritional disturbances, and 3) disturbances of normal stimuli (reflexes), the author points out that a huge percentage of infectious diseases of the brain and the meninges have their source in the nose and its appendage cavities. Almost all cranial nerves can also be infected from the nose and its appendages.

Head and neck and neuroscience

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Clinical Reasoning ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Brain

Two apparently separate areas of medical science, head and neck and neuroscience, are often combined in the early phases of undergraduate medical education. Perhaps an obvious reason for this is that the brain, together with the organs of special sense — eyes, ears, nose, and taste buds — are located in the head. Head and neck injuries can therefore be serious and are commonly life-threatening. Another reason is embryological. The development of the head and the central nervous system (CNS) are closely intertwined. The whole CNS is essentially a segmented structure, with a pair of spinal (or cranial) nerves arising in each body segment. For the spinal cord and spinal nerves, each segment is marked by its own vertebra. The situation is more complex in the head, where the developing brain undergoes cervical, cephalic, and pontine flexures. These folds in the growing neural tube, plus the development of a protective cranium, obscure the underlying segmental pattern, but each segment of the brain still bears its pair of cranial nerves. The organization of the CNS and peripheral nervous system is complex but ordered, and neurological disorder can often be diagnosed by a process of clinical reasoning if the structural and functional properties of the system are sufficiently well understood. Neurological disorders commonly present as alteration in, or loss of, sensation or disturbance of motor function. Knowing which areas of skin (the dermatomes) and which muscles are innervated by each cranial or spinal nerve, together with understanding the characteristic deficiencies produced by abnormality, will often allow the neurologist to use clinical reasoning skills to localize a lesion with considerable accuracy, before radiological or other investigation is undertaken. The diagnostic process is assisted by specific neurological tests, performed during the physical examination, which investigate the integrity of various neural pathways. Disorders of the CNS can involve alterations of sensory perception, motor performance, emotion, overt behaviour, consciousness, and perceptions of self. Some diagnoses may be made with neurological techniques, others by psychiatric techniques, and in many instances the recognition of characteristic patterns of altered perception, performance, or behaviour may be important clues.

‘Neurologie: the doctrine of the nerves’

2021 ◽  
pp. 614-662
Author(s):  
Alastair Compston
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
De Anima ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Reflex Movement ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Chapter 16: ‘Neurologie: the doctrine of the nerves: the brain and nervous stock’ summarizes Willis’s treatises in Cerebri anatome, Nervorumque descriptio et usus (1664), De motu musculari (1670) and De anima brutorum (1672). Willis’s coinage of the term ‘neurologie’, intending this as the doctrine of the nerves based on the anatomy of the cranial nerves rather than the study of diseases affecting the brain and nervous stock, is described. The chapter explains why these treatises are additionally important for assigning function to the cerebrum and cerebellum rather than the ventricles; the concept of cerebral localization; the distinction between voluntary and involuntary, or reflex, movement; Willis’s account of the autonomic nervous system; and his ideas on muscular movement. Apart from these innovative contributions, Willis’s description of the arrangement of blood vessels supplying the brain and spinal cord, for which the book is celebrated, is described. The fifteen engraved plates are included. {148 words}

scholarly journals HIV-Associated Vacuolar Encephalomyelopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R Madden ◽  
Molly E Fleece ◽  
Akriti Gupta ◽  
M Beatriz S Lopes ◽  
Scott K Heysell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Vacuolar Degeneration ◽  
Central Nervous System Dysfunction ◽  
Vacuolar Myelopathy ◽  
The Brain

Abstract We report a case of HIV-associated vacuolar encephalomyelopathy with progressive central nervous system dysfunction and corresponding vacuolar degeneration of the spinal cord, cranial nerves, and brain, the anatomic extent of which has not previously been described. Vacuolar myelopathy classically presents as a spinal syndrome with progressive, painless gait disturbance in the setting of advanced HIV and AIDS. Vacuolar involvement of the brain and cranial nerves, as illustrated in this case report, is a newly described variant of this condition that we term vacuolar encephalomyelopathy.

Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: an underestimated cause of hearing loss

1997 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Castelli ◽  
A. Husband
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Sensorineural Deafness ◽  
Superficial Siderosis ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSuperficial siderosis of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare disease resulting in the accumulation of haemosiderin in the meninges, the brain surface, the spinal cord and the cranial nerves. The pigment is deposited as a result of chronic bleeding in the subarachnoid space. This produces a clinical picture of deafness, ataxia, cranial nerve deficits and in the latest stages dementia. In some cases the source of bleeding can be identified, whilst in others it can not. Despite its rarity the disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sensorineural deafness, particularly as it is a progressive and in some cases curable disease which is easily diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this case report the haemosiderin was derived from an ependymoma of the fourth ventricle with extension into the cerebello-pontine angle. The first symptom was a worsening sensorineural hearing loss.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document